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在学习任何东西之前，最重要的是培养兴趣，Groovy世界最耀眼的技术之一－－Grails相信大家早已耳闻，我将通过Grails实战系列文章向您展现Grails的迷人风采，使您感受到Grails的魅力，以至疯狂地爱上Grails，并坠入Groovy的爱河。学Groovy，Grails与学Java一样，在实战之前需要搭建开发环境，您可以在 Groovy轻松入门－－搭建Groovy开发环境 学习到如何搭建Groovy环境，之后我会讲一下如何搭建Grails环境，然后手把手地写个Demo程序告终，我还会抽空写篇“Groovy轻松入门－－Grails实战之进阶篇” D:\Temp\grails_apps>grails create-app demo
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps Environment set to production Note: No plugin scripts found Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\CreateApp.groovy [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\src [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\src\java [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\src\groovy [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\src\test [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\controllers [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\taglib [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\utils [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views\layouts [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-tests [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\scripts [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\js [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\css [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\images [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\classes [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\META-INF [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\lib [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\spring [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\hibernate [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF [copy] Copying 5 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\tld [copy] Copying 119 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\conf [copy] Copying 7 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\plugins\core\grails-app\taglib [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\plugins\core\grails-app\utils [copy] Copying 7 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\plugins\core\grails-app\ taglib [copy] Copying 3 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\plugins\core\grails-app\ utils [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\spring [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Created Grails Application at D:\Temp\grails_apps/demo D:\Temp\grails_apps> 通过“grails create-app”这个命令，Grails自动帮我们创建了开发所需的工程环境 D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo>grails create-domain-class User
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Environment set to production Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\CreateDomainClass.groovy [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain Created at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-app/domain/User.groovy [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-tests Created Tests at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-tests/UserTests.groovy D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo> 2，进入D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\domain（这个目录中存放着所有的domain class），打开User.groovy，修改为如下内容： class User {
contraints这个类变量是定义一些约束的，比如name不能为空白，password不能为空白而且长度在6到16之间（包括6和16）String name String password String toString() { " $name : $password " } static constraints = { name(blank: false ) password(blank: false , size: 6 .. 16 ) } } 3，在“命令行”中输入“grails generate-all User”，为User产生所有CRUD操作需要的代码（如控制器UserController.groovy）和页面（如list.gsp），输出结果如下所示： D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo>grails generate-all User
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Environment set to production Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\GenerateAll.groovy Compiling sources  [delete] Deleting directory D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-a pp [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\vie ws [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\i18 n [copy] Copying 2 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-a pp\views [copy] Copied 2 empty directories to 1 empty directory under D:\Temp\grails _apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\views [native2ascii] Converting 1 file from D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n t o D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\i18n Attempting to load [13] core plugins Grails plug-in [i18n] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [quartz] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [core] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [domainClass] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [controllers] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Attempting to load [0] user defined plugins Grails plug-in [dataSource] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [codecs] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [hibernate] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [services] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [scaffolding] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Generating views for domain class [User] Generating list view for domain class [User] list view generated at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\.\grails-app\views\user\list.gsp Generating show view for domain class [User] Show view generated at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\.\grails-app\views\user\show.gsp Generating edit view for domain class [User] Edit view generated at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\.\grails-app\views\user\edit.gsp Generating create view for domain class [User] Create view generated at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\.\grails-app\views\user\create .gsp Generating controller for domain class [User] Controller generated at .\grails-app\controllers\UserController.groovy D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo> 4，在“命令行”中，输入“grails create-controller Login”，创建登陆(login)的控制器LoginController，它对应MVC中的Controller，让它负责登陆相关业务，输出如下： D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo>grails create-controller Login
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Environment set to production Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\CreateController.groovy [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\views\login [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\controllers Created Controller at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-app/controllers/LoginContr oller.groovy [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-tests Created ControllerTests at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-tests/LoginController Tests.groovy D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo> 5，修改demo\grails-app\controllers\LoginController.groovy的内容为： class LoginController {
LoginService loginService def index = { } def login = { User u = new User() u.properties = params if (params.name && params.password) { boolean pass = loginService.check(u, flash) if (pass) { render(view: "ok", model: [user: u]) } else { render(view: "login", model: [user: u]) } } else { render(view: "login", model: [user: u]) } } } 大家或许也看到了LoginService这个类，我将在后面演示创建它，这个LoginService类封装了所有登陆相关的业务逻辑，Grails自动将其注入到LoginController中 6，在“命令行”中，输入“grails create-service Login”，创建LoginService.groovy，输出： D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo>grails create-service Login
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Environment set to production Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\CreateService.groovy [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\services Created Service at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-app/services/LoginService.gro ovy [copy] Copying 1 file to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-tests Created ServiceTests at D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo/grails-tests/LoginServiceTests. groovy D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo> 7，修改demo\grails-app\services\LoginService.groovy的内容为： class LoginService {
boolean transactional = true def check(User u, flash) { def user = User.findWhere(name: u.name, password: u.password) if (user) { flash.message = "Welcome ${u.name}" return true } else { flash.error = "Invalid ${u.name} with ${u.password}" return false } } def serviceMethod() { // TODO } } 8，在demo\grails-app\views下创建login目录，在login目录下创建login.gsp和ok.gsp，它们对应MVC中的View，内容分别为： <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="layout" content="main" /> <title>Grails Demo</title> </head> <body> <div class="nav"> <span class="menuButton"><a href="${createLinkTo(dir:‘‘)}">Home</a></span> <span class="menuButton"><g:link action="list">User List</g:link></span> </div> <div class="body"> <h1>Grails Demo</h1> <g:if test="${flash.error}"> <div class="errors">${flash.error}</div> </g:if> <g:hasErrors bean="${user}"> <div class="errors"> <g:renderErrors bean="${user}" as="list" /> </div> </g:hasErrors> <g:form action="login" method="post" > <div class="dialog"> <table> <tbody> <tr class=‘prop‘> <td valign=‘top‘ class=‘name‘><label for=‘name‘>Name:</label></td> <td valign=‘top‘ class=‘value ${hasErrors(bean:user,field:‘name‘,‘errors‘)}‘><input type=‘text‘ name=‘name‘ value="${user?.name?.encodeAsHTML()}" /></td> </tr> <tr class=‘prop‘><td valign=‘top‘ class=‘name‘><label for=‘password‘>Password:</label></td><td valign=‘top‘ class=‘value ${hasErrors(bean:user,field:‘password‘,‘errors‘)}‘><input type=‘text‘ name=‘password‘ value="${user?.password?.encodeAsHTML()}" /></td></tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="buttons"> <span class="formButton"> <input type="submit" value="Login"></input> </span> </div> </g:form> </div> </body> </html> ok.gsp: <g:if test="${flash.message}">
<div class="message">${flash.message}</div> </g:if> ${user?.name} : ${user?.password} 9，修改demo\grails-app\conf\ApplicationBootStrap.groovy，将一个User实例保存到数据库(grails自带hsqldb和jetty)中，内容如下： class ApplicationBootStrap {
def init = { servletContext -> new User(name: "demo", password: "123456").save() } def destroy = { } } 10，在“命令行”中，输入“grails run-app”，运行我们的Web应用，输出如下： D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo>grails run-app
Welcome to Grails 0.4.2 - http:/// Licensed under Apache Standard License 2.0 Grails home is set to: D:\D\MY_DEV\grails Base Directory: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo Environment set to development Running script D:\D\MY_DEV\grails\scripts\RunApp.groovy Compiling sources [delete] Deleting directory D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-a pp [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\vie ws [mkdir] Created dir: D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\i18 n [copy] Copying 8 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-a pp\views [native2ascii] Converting 1 file from D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\grails-app\i18n t o D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-app\i18n Attempting to load [13] core plugins Grails plug-in [i18n] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [quartz] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [core] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [domainClass] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [controllers] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Attempting to load [0] user defined plugins Grails plug-in [dataSource] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [codecs] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [hibernate] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [services] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully Grails plug-in [scaffolding] with version [0.4.2] loaded successfully [RuntimeConfiguration] Configuring for environment: Development Building new Hibernate SessionFactory Neither ‘urlMap‘ nor ‘mappings‘ set on SimpleUrlHandlerMapping 64 beans defined in application context [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spri ng.GrailsWebApplicationContext;hashCode=6971605] Using MessageSource [org.springframework.context.support.ReloadableResourceBundl eMessageSource: basenames=[WEB-INF/grails-app/i18n/messages]] Unable to locate ApplicationEventMulticaster with name ‘applicationEventMulticas ter‘: using default [org.springframework.context.event.SimpleApplicationEventMul ticaster@181d405] [copy] Copying 8 files to D:\Temp\grails_apps\demo\web-app\WEB-INF\grails-a pp\views [GrailsContextLoader] Grails application loaded. Initializing filter ‘grailsWebRequest‘ Filter ‘grailsWebRequest‘ configured successfully Initializing filter ‘reloadFilter‘ Filter ‘reloadFilter‘ configured successfully Initializing servlet ‘grails‘ FrameworkServlet ‘grails‘: initialization started Using context class [org.codehaus.groovy.grails.commons.spring.GrailsWebApplicat ionContext] for servlet ‘grails‘ Using MultipartResolver [org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultip artResolver@1945696] Using LocaleResolver [org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver@ 1c0bec5] Unable to locate ThemeResolver with name ‘themeResolver‘: using default [org.spr ingframework.web.servlet.theme.FixedThemeResolver@1984161] No HandlerAdapters found in servlet ‘grails‘: using default Unable to locate RequestToViewNameTranslator with name ‘viewNameTranslator‘: usi ng default [org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTransla tor@688d6f] FrameworkServlet ‘grails‘: initialization completed in 187 ms Servlet ‘grails‘ configured successfully 11，打开浏览器，输入：http://localhost:8080/demo/login/login ，在Name处输入demo，Password处输入123456，点击‘Login’，跳转到成功页面： Welcome demo
demo : 123456 想象一下用您平时做项目时所用的框架组合（比如SSH）来创建同样的Web应用程序，您立刻会感受，Grails让我们专注于业务逻辑，而不用浪费时间在那些scaffolding code(如配置文件)上。从今天开始，您不用再羡慕那些Ruby程序员所用的RoR了，您大可以使用Grails来高效开发Web应用。 时间比较仓促，有些细节问题日后补充，请各位原谅。您也可以访问Grails官方网站（http://www.）进一步学习。 |
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