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民主社会的三大支柱
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在看美国的国别人权报告导言部分时，看到了这一段，觉得说得比较好，兹译如下： 任何一个民主社会要维持进步，都必须具备三大相互支持、相互促进的要素： 第一，自由和公正的选举程序。民主选举是民主化进程中的一个里程碑。它们有助于使一个国家步入改革的轨道，为形成制度化的人权保护和政府良治奠定基础，并打开公民社会的政治空间。但自由和公正的选举不仅仅是在选举日做到干净的投票、诚实的计票。投票前的竞选必须能够允许反对现政府的和平力量与执政者进行真正的竞争，并全面尊重人民的言论、和平集会和结社的基本权利。这意味着，必须可以组织政党，并通过一个自由的新闻媒体、自由的集会以及自由的言论提出他们的愿景。 第二，法治下的负有责任、具有代表性的政治体系。除了自由和公正的选举程序，民主社会必须建立具有代表性、承担责任、公开透明的政治体系，包括以理念为基础的政党（而不是以个人、部族或种族认同为基础）、独立的立法和司法制度，可以确保民主赢得选举的领导人，一旦上台之后可以民主地进行治理。经民主选举的议员们所制订的法治必须取代贪腐的文化。在那些政治体系薄弱或权力未形成相互制约、贪腐横行、民族或部落间或长久被剥夺权利者与执政精英之间没有和解的国家，民主极度脆弱。那些采用以经济增长促进良治政策、对人民进行投资的穷国，最有可能明智地使用发展援助，实现其发展目标，从而赢得人民的信任和支持。一个建立起负责任、有代表性政府的、在法律面前做到平等保护的国家，也是一个不太可能滋生暴虐的极端分子的国度。 第三，充满活力的、独立的公民社会。包括没有任何约束的政党、非政府组织和自由媒体。一个开放、活跃的公民社会有助于使选举和诚实当选、建设民主的人保持在一个正常的轨道上，而且公民可以为国家作出自己的贡献。 译于08年7月21日晚
附:原文
Three essential and mutually reinforcing elements must be present for progress to be made and sustained in any democracy: One: free and fair electoral processes. Democratic elections are milestones on a journey of democratization. They can help put a country on the path to reform, lay the groundwork for institutionalizing human rights protections and good governance, and open political space for civil society. But free and fair elections involve more than a clean casting and honest counting of ballots on Election Day. The run-up to the voting must allow for real competition by peaceful forces opposed to the government in power, and full respect for the basic rights of expression, peaceful assembly, and association. This means that political parties must be allowed to organize and put forth the vision they offer through a free press, rallies, and speeches. Two: accountable, representative institutions of government under the rule of law. Beyond a free and fair elections process, democracies must have representative, accountable, transparent institutions of government, including political parties based on ideas, not just personalities or tribal or ethnic identification, and independent legislatures and judiciaries that can act to ensure that leaders who win elections democratically govern democratically once they are in office. The rule of law made by democratically elected representatives must replace cultures of corruption. Democracy can prove fragile in countries where institutions of government are weak or unchecked, corruption is rife, and reconciliation has not occurred among ethnic or tribal elements or between the long-disenfranchised and entrenched elites. Poor countries which adopt growth-promoting good governance policies and invest in their people are the most likely to use their development assistance wisely and reach their development goals, thus earning the trust and support of their citizens. A country with accountable, representative government that affords equal protection under the law is one in which violent extremists are less likely to thrive. And three: vibrant, independent civil societies, including unfettered political parties, NGOs, and free media. An open, resilient civil society helps keep elections and those elected honest, democracy-building on track, and citizens contributing to the success of their countries. |
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