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The word "microcredit" did not exist before the seventies.单词“小额信贷”不存在七十年代前。 Now it has become a buzz-word among the development practitioners.现在它已成为一个时髦的发展实践中的单词。 In the process, the word has been imputed to mean everything to everybody.在这个过程中，这个词已被归咎于意味着一切，人人皆知。 No one now gets shocked if somebody uses the term "microcredit" to mean agricultural credit, or rural credit, or cooperative credit, or consumer credit, credit from the savings and loan associations, or from credit unions, or from money lenders.现在如果有人震惊得到使用的术语是“小额信贷”，是指从储蓄和贷款协会，或信用合作社，或从农业信贷放债，或农村信用社，或信贷合作社，或消费信贷，信贷没有人。 When someone claims microcredit has a thousand year history, or a hundred year history, nobody finds it as an exciting piece of historical information.当有人声称小额信贷有1000年历史，或100年的历史，没有人认为作为一个激动人心的历史资料片了。
I think this is creating a lot of misunderstanding and confusion in the discussion about microcredit.我认为这是创造了很多误解和对小额信贷的混乱。 We really don't know who is talking about what.我们真的不知道谁在谈论什么。 I am proposing that we put labels to various types of microcredit so that we can clarify at the beginning of our discussion which microcredit we are talking about.我建议我们把标签，各种小额信贷，以便我们能够在我们开始讨论澄清的小额信贷，我们所谈论的。 This is very important for arriving at clear conclusions, formulating right policies, designing appropriate institutions and methodologies.这是非常重要的达成明确的结论，制定正确的政策，制定适当的体制和方法。 Instead of just saying "microcredit" we should specify which category of microcredit.而不是只说：“小额信贷”，我们应具体说明哪些小额信贷类别。
| Let me suggest a broad classification of microcredit : 让我提出一个小额信贷广泛的分类： |
| A)甲） |
Traditional informal microcredit (such as, moneylender's credit, pawn shops, loans from friends and relatives, consumer credit in informal market, etc.)传统的非正规小额信贷（例如，放债人的信贷，当铺，在非正规市场借贷的亲友，消费信贷等） |
| B)乙） |
Microcredit based on traditional informal groups (such as, tontin, su su, ROSCA, etc.)小额信贷的基础上的传统（如，tontin，苏素，罗什卡等非正式群体） |
| C)丙） |
Activity-based microcredit through conventional or specialised banks (such as, agricultural credit, livestock credit, fisheries credit, handloom credit, etc.)活动为基础的小额信贷通过传统或专业银行（如，农业信贷，畜牧业信贷，渔业信贷，手摇信贷等） |
| D)深） |
Rural credit through specialised banks.农村信用社通过专业银行。 |
| E)东） |
Cooperative microcredit (cooperative credit, credit union, savings and loan associations, savings banks, etc.)合作小额信贷（信贷合作社，信用社，储蓄和贷款协会，储蓄银行等） |
| F)六） |
Consumer microcredit.消费信贷。 |
| G) G）的 |
Bank-NGO partnership based microcredit.银行小额信贷非政府组织的伙伴关系的基础。 |
| H)高） |
Grameen type microcredit or Grameencredit.格拉明类型小额信贷或Grameencredit。 |
| I)一） |
Other types of NGO microcredit.非政府组织小额信贷的其他类型。 |
| J) ?） |
Other types of non-NGO non-collateralized microcredit.其他类型的非非政府组织无抵押小额贷款。
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This is a very quick attempt at classification of microcredit just to make a point.这是在小额贷款的分类非常快的尝试只是为了一个点。 The point is — every time we use the word "microcredit" we should make it clear which type (or cluster of types) of microcredit we are talking about.问题是-我们每次使用“小额信贷”，我们应当明确的类型（或类型的集群，小额信贷，我们所谈论的）。 Otherwise we'll continue to create endless confusion in our discussion.否则，我们将继续在我们的讨论无休止的混乱。 Needless to say that the classification I have suggested is only tentative.不用说，我曾建议只是初步的分类。 We can refine this to allow better understanding and better policy decisions.我们可以修正这个，以便更好地了解和更好的政策决定。 Classification can also be made in the context of the issue under discussion.分类也可以在这个问题正在讨论中。 I am arguing that we must discontinue using the term "microcredit" or "microfinance" without identifying its category.我争辩说，我们必须停止使用没有确定其类别的术语“小额信贷”或“小额信贷”。
Microcredit data are compiled and published by different organizations.小额信贷数据进行编制，并由不同的组织公布。 We find them useful.我们发现他们是有用的。 I propose that while publishing these data we identify the category or categories of microcredit each organization provides.我建议在公布这些数据，我们确定的种类或类别的每个组织小额信贷提供。 Then we can prepare another set of important information — number of poor borrowers, and their gender composition, loan disbursed, loan outstanding, balance of savings, etc. under each of these categories, countrywise, regionwise, and globally.然后，我们可以准备的另一个重要信息设置-借款人的贫困人数，他们的性别构成，贷款发放，贷款余额，储蓄存款余额，这些类别，countrywise，regionwise，和全球每年等。
These sets of information will tell us which category of microcredit is serving how many poor borrowers, their gender break-up, their growth during a year or a period, loans disbursed, loans outstanding, savings, etc. The categories which are doing better, more support can go in their direction.这些信息集将告诉我们的小额信贷服务类是借款人有多少穷人，他们的性别破裂，在一年或一个时期的增长，贷款发放，偿还贷款，储蓄等类别中，正在做的更好，更多的支持，可以往他们的方向。 The categories which are doing poorly may be helped to improve their performance.类别是表现不佳，可有助于提高它们的性能。 For policy-maters this will be enormously helpful.对于政策事宜中这将是有很大帮助。 For analysis purpose this will make a world of difference.为了分析的目的，这将是天渊之别。
I urge Microcredit Summit Campaign secretariat to present the information that they already collect on number of clients, number of the poorest among them, number of poorest clients that are women, number of clients that have crossed the poverty line ?broken down for each of the categories of microcredit.我敦促小额信贷峰会运动秘书处提交的信息，他们已经收集了许多客户，他们当中最贫穷的人数，最穷的客户是妇女，已越过了贫困线人数?客户细分为每类别的小额信贷。 This will help donors to select the categories they would like to support.这将有助于捐助者类别选择他们想要的支持。 This sorting out is very important for the donors, as well as the policymakers.这整理是非常重要的捐助者，以及政策制定者。
| Grameen credit 乡村信贷 |
Whenever I use the word "microcredit" I actually have in mind Grameen type microcredit or Grameencredit.每当我用“小额信贷”我真的记格拉明类型小额信贷或Grameencredit了。 But if the person I am talking to understands it as some other category of microcredit my arguments will not make any sense to him.但是，如果我的人交谈，了解一些小额信贷作为我的论点将没有任何意义，以他的其他类别。 Let me list below the distinguishing features of Grameencredit.让我低于Grameencredit的特点清单。 This is an exhaustive list of such features.这是一个详尽的清单等功能。 Not every Grameen type programme has all these features present in the programme.并不是每一个乡村式方案已在所有这些功能的计划，目前。 Some programmes are strong in some of the features, while others are strong in some other features.一些方案强烈的某些功能，而其他一些其它的一些功能强大。 But on the whole they display a general convergence to some basic features on the basis of which they introduce themselves as Grameen replication programmes or Grameen type programmes.但总体上还显示一般收敛一些基本功能的基础上，他们引进格拉明乡村复制方案或方案本身的类型。
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| General features of Grameencredit are : 对Grameencredit一般特点： |
| a) 1） |
It promotes credit as a human right.它促进作为人权的信贷。 |
| b)二） |
Its mission is to help the poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty.它的使命是帮助贫困家庭，帮助他们克服贫困。 It is targeted to the poor, particularly poor women.这是针对穷人，特别是贫穷妇女。 |
| c)三） |
Most distinctive feature of Grameencredit is that it is not based on any collateral, or legally enforceable contracts.大多数Grameencredit的显着特点是，它没有任何抵押，或者依法强制执行的合同为基础。 It is based on "trust", not on legal procedures and system.它是基于“信任”，而不是法律的程序和制度。 |
| d)四） |
It is offered for creating self-employment for income-generating activities and housing for the poor, as opposed to consumption.它采用创造自我就业创收活动，为穷人和住房，而不是消费。 |
| e)五） |
It was initiated as a challenge to the conventional banking which rejected the poor by classifying them to be "not creditworthy".它最初是对传统银行的拒绝了他们的贫穷分类为“无信誉的挑战”。 As a result it rejected the basic methodology of the conventional banking and created its own methodology.因此，它否定了传统银行的基本方法，并建立了自己的方法。 |
| f)六） |
It provides service at the door-step of the poor based on the principle that the people should not go to the bank, bank should go to the people.它提供了上门服务穷人的原则为基础的人不应该去银行步骤，银行应该去的人。 |
| g)七） |
In order to obtain loans a borrower must join a group of borrowers.为了获得贷款的借款人必须参加集团的借款人。 |
| h)八） |
Loans can be received in a continuous sequence.贷款可以接受连续序列。 New loan becomes available to a borrower if her previous loan is repaid.新的贷款可用向借款人，如果她以前的贷款偿还。 |
| i)一） |
All loans are to be paid back in instalments (weekly, or bi-weekly).所有贷款必须偿还分期（每周或两周一次）。 |
| j) j）条 |
Simultaneously more than one loan can be received by a borrower.同时多个贷款可以收到借款人。 |
| k)十一） |
It comes with both obligatory and voluntary savings programmes for the borrowers.它带有强制性和自愿既节省了借款人的方案。 |
| l)升） |
Generally these loans are given through non-profit organizations or through institutions owned primarily by the borrowers.一般来说，这些贷款是通过给非营利组织或机构拥有主要由借款人。 If it is done through for-profit institutions not owned by the borrowers, efforts are made to keep the interest rate at a level which is close to a level commensurate with sustainability of the programme rather than bringing attractive return for the investors.如果它是通过非营利机构不属于借款人，作出努力，保持在一个水平接近，而不是为投资者带来有吸引力的回报水平与方案的可持续性相称利率。 Grameencredit's thumb-rule is to keep the interest rate as close to the market rate, prevailing in the commercial banking sector, as possible, without sacrificing sustain-ability. Grameencredit的拇指规则是保持接近市场水平的利率，在目前商业银行部门，尽可能在不牺牲可持续性能力。 In fixing the interest rate market interest rate is taken as the reference rate, rather than the moneylenders' rate.在固定利率市场利率作为基准利率，而不是高利贷者'率。 Reaching the poor is its non-negotiable mission.帮助穷人是其非流通任务。 Reaching sustainability is a directional goal.实现可持续性是一个方向性的目标。 It must reach sustainability as soon as possible, so that it can expand its outreach without fund constraints.它必须达到尽快可持续性，以便它能够没有资金的限制，扩大其推广。 |
| m)米） |
Grameencredit gives high priority on building social capital. Grameencredit使社会资本建设高度重视。 It is promoted through formation of groups and centres, developing leadership quality through annual election of group and centre leaders, electing board members when the institution is owned by the borrowers.它是通过定期组织和中心的形成，发展中的中心领导小组和领导素质的年度选举，选举时，该机构是由借款人拥有的董事会成员。 To develop a social agenda owned by the borrowers, something similar to the "sixteen decisions", it undertakes a process of intensive discussion among the borrowers, and encourage them to take these decisions seriously and implement them.要发展社会议程的借款人，类似的“16决定”所拥有，该机构对于借款人之间的激烈讨论的过程，并鼓励他们采取这些决定认真贯彻落实。 It gives special emphasis on the formation of human capital and concern for protecting environment.它使保护环境的特别重视对人力资本的形成和关注。 It monitors children's education, provides scholarships and student loans for higher education.它可以监测孩子的教育，提供奖学金和高等教育学生贷款。 For formation of human capital it makes efforts to bring technology, like mobile phones, solar power, and promote mechanical power to replace manual power.对于人力资本它使努力实现技术，如移动电话，太阳能发电，并促进机械动力替代手工力量的形成。 |
Grameencredit is based on the premise that the poor have skills which remain unutilised or under-utilised. Grameencredit是基于一个前提，穷人的技能，仍然未使用或使用率低的。 It is definitely not the lack of skills which make poor people poor.这绝对不是技能，使穷人穷人缺乏。 Grameen believes that the poverty is not created by the poor, it is created by the institutions and policies which surround them.格拉米认为，贫穷不是穷人创造，它是由制度和政策，围绕他们创造。 In order to eliminate poverty all we need to do is to make appropriate changes in the institutions and policies, and/or create new ones.为了消除贫困的所有我们需要做的是使在体制和政策进行相应修改，和/或创建新的。 Grameen believes that charity is not an answer to poverty.格拉明认为，慈善不是一个贫穷的答案。 It only helps poverty to continue.它不仅可以帮助贫困的继续。 It creates dependency and takes away individual's initiative to break through the wall of poverty.它创建的依赖和剥夺个人的主动突破贫困墙。 Unleashing of energy and creativity in each human being is the answer to poverty.能源和创造力释放出每个人是贫穷的答案。
Grameen brought credit to the poor, women, the illiterate, the people who pleaded that they did not know how to invest money and earn an income.乡村银行带来的信贷给穷人，妇女，文盲，谁的人承认，他们不知道如何投资，资金和赚取收入。 Grameen created a methodology and an institution around the financial needs of the poor, and created access to credit on reasonable term enabling the poor to build on their existing skill to earn a better income in each cycle of loans.乡村创建了一个方法，一个围绕穷人的经济需要的机构，并建立合理的访问使穷人对他们现有的技术基础，从而获得了每一个贷款周期更好的收入长期信贷。
If donors can frame categorywise microcredit policies they may overcome some of their discomforts.如果捐助者可帧categorywise小额信贷政策，他们可以克服的一些不适。 General policy for microcredit in its wider sense, is bound to be devoid of focus and sharpness.秘书长在其更广泛意义上小额信贷的政策，必然是重点和清晰度没有。
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