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直接引语和间接引语 (Direct and Indirect Speech)

 昕梦缘 2009-12-31
简述
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话,原话用有引号,而间接引语是引述别人的话,不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直

接引语改为间接引语时,引述动词是现在时,则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。


例如:
She says, “ I’ll never forget the moment.”变成间接引语为She says that she’ll never forget the moment.

但是如引述动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。
 
1. 直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律

 

  在直接引语中 在间接引语中
指示代词 this
these
that
those
时间状语
now
today
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next year
Two days ago
then
that day
the day before
the week before
the next day
the next year
two days before
地点状语 here there
动词时态 一般现在时
现左进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成时
(不变)
过去将来时
动词变化 can/may
must
come
bring
could/might
had to
go
take

 

间接引语中时间与地点转换参考:

例如:
"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. She said that she would see me there the next day.

最常用的显示如下:

that day

"I saw him today", she said.

 

She said that she had seen him that day.

Yesterday the day before

"I saw him yesterday", she said.

 

She said that she had seen him the day before.

The day before yesterday two days before

"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.

 

He said that he had met her two days before.

Tomorrow the next/following day

"I'll see you tomorrow", he said

 

He said that he would see me the next day.

The day after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later

"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.

 

They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.

Next week/month/year the following week/month/year

"I have an appointment next week", she said.

 

She said that she had an appointment the following week.

Last week/month/year
the previous/week/month/year

"I was on holiday last week", he told us.

 

He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.

ago before

"I saw her a week ago," he said.

 

He said he had seen her a week before.

this (for time) that

"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.

 

She said she was getting a new car that week.

this/that (形容词) the

"Do you like this shirt?" he asked

 

He asked if I liked the shirt.

here there

He said, "I live here".

 

He told me he lived there.

其他变化:

通常来说, 第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数(除非讲话者在引用自己的话):

I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers

we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:

He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.

I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house.

通常来说,转换成间接引语时,要在直接引语时间的基础上提前一个时态:

She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.

变化如下:

一般现在时  一般过去时 

"I always drink coffee", she said

 

She said that she always drank coffee.

现在进行时  过去进行时 

"I am reading a book", he explained.

 

He explained that he was reading a book

一般过去时  过去完成时 

"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.

 

He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday

现在完成时  过去完成时 

"I have been to Spain", he told me.

 

He told me that he had been to Spain

过去完成时  过去完成时 

"I had just turned out the light," he explained.

 

He explained that he had just turned out the light.

现在完成进行时  过去完成进行时 

They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".

 

They complained that they had been waiting for hours.

过去进行时  过去完成进行时 

"We were living in Paris", they told me.

 

They told me that they had been living in Paris.

一般将来时   过去将来时

"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said

 

He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.

将来进行时  过去将来进行时 

She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

 

She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

2. 直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素

要素一陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that,在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, 等。例如:

    1)  He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→

        He told me that he had left his book in his room.

    2)  She said: “He will be busy.”→

        She said that he would be busy.

要素二: 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether,而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether,引述动词用asked,没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等(去掉问号)例如:

    1)She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
 
She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
    2)  特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词,改为陈述语序(即S+V+...)。
 
例如: The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” → The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.

要素三:祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。

              told

              即    asked      sb. (not) to do sth.

             ordered

             warned

注意:引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉,动词改为 ask

      1)  The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →The teacher told the students not to waste their time.

      2)  The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→The mother asked Tom to get up early.

3. 直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变”

1. 直接引语如果是客观真理,谚(习)语,变间接引语时时态不变例如:

      The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”→ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

      My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”→My father said practice makes perfect.

2.  直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的,习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的,变间接引语时时态不变例如:

      The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”→The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.

       He said, “We are still students.’→He said they are still students.

3. 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语时态不变例如:

       He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→He told me that he was born in 1978.

       The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→ The engineer said he was at college in 1967.

4.直接引语中凡有When, since,while 引导的从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句时态,从句的时态不变例如:

  He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” →He said he had studied English since he was a boy.

       She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→ She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.

       Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.

5.如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句,变间接引语时,引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如:

       He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.→ He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.

       She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
 
另外如果说话人转述自己的话,人称不变. 例如:

       I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.

            如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there,come不必改为go,如果就在当天转述,则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语不变例如:

       She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→She told us she would come here tomorrow.
        如果在电话上转述别人的话,则前后时态不变 例如:
       Daniel:Please tell Amy I have the information she wants.→Mrs Zhao(said to Amy):Daniel says he has the information you want.

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