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英语的谓语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者，后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。请比较：
Tom broke the window. （主动语态） ① ② ③ The window was broken by Tom. （被动语态） ③ ② ① 从以上对比可以看出，主动句中的主语Tom在被动句中变成了短语by Tom，主动句中的宾语the window变成了被动句中的主语。由于被动句中的主语即主动句中的宾语，因此，只有及物动词才有被动语态。 16.1 被动语态的构成 被动语态的基本构成是：be + 过去分词。与主动语态一样，被动语态也有各种时态形式，列表如下（以动词ask为例）： 时 间 一 般 进 行 完 成 现 在 am/is/are asked 被问 am/is/are being asked 正在被问 have/has been asked 已经被问过 过 去 was/were asked （过去）被问 was/were being asked （过去）正被问 had been asked （过去）已被问过 将 来 shall/will be asked 将要被问 1．被动语态的各种时态均由助动词be的变化构成。 2．被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成。 过去将来 should/would be asked （过去）将要被问 16.2 常见的被动结构 下面，我们采用对比的方式来介绍常见的被动结构，即使用被动语态的句子。 16.2.1 SVO句型的被动结构 SVO句型中的谓语为单宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) (+ by短语)。 例如：He wrote the book two years ago. → The book was written by him two years ago. 这本书是他在两年前写的。 They are cleaning the house. → The house is being cleaned (by them). 房子正在被（他们）打扫。 You’re wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。 16.2.2 SVoO句型的被动结构 16.2.3 SVoO句型中的谓语动词为双宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + O/o(保留宾语) (+ by短语)。 需要说明的是，一般把间接宾语（表示人）作为被动句的主语，而把直接宾语（表示物）作为保留宾语。如果把直接宾语作为被动句的主语，则间接宾语作为保留宾语，它的前面通常要用介词to或for（视动词而定）。例如： My aunt gave me an apple. → *I was given an apple. / An apple was given to me. *有人给了我一只苹果。［被动句中省略了by my aunt。］ His mother bought him a new coat. → *He was bought a new coat. / A new coat was bought for him. *有人给他买了一件新大衣。［被动句中省略了by his mother。］ 16.2.3 SVOC句型的被动结构 SVOC句型中的谓语动词为复宾及物动词，其被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + C(主语补足语) (+ by短语)[1]。例如： People usually call me Jim for short. → I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。 They asked Mike to write soon. → Mike was asked to write soon. 迈克被要求尽快写信。 He made the baby laugh. → The baby was made to laugh (by him). 那个婴儿被（他）逗笑了。 ［请比较前后两句中的划线单词，被动句中需要加上to。］ 在被动句中作主语补足语的不定式一律要带to，不论其作宾语补足语时是否带to（请见以上各例句）。 16.2.4 短语动词的被动结构 短语动词的被动结构是：S + V(被动式) + 介词/副词 (+ by短语)。例如： We have sent for a doctor. → A doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请医生了。 I turned off the radio just now. → The radio was turned off just now. 收音机刚才（被）关掉了。 They are taking good care of the children. → The children are being taken good care of. 孩子们正在受到良好的照顾。 在将含有短语动词的主动句转换成被动句时，原短语动词中的介词或副词（如以上句中的for, off, of）不能遗漏。 16.2.5 带情态动词的被动结构 带情态动词的被动结构是：S + V(情态动词+主要动词的被动式) (+ by短语)。例如： You must do it at once. → It must be done at once. 这件事必须立即做。 We can see the park from the window. → The park can be seen from the window. 公园可以从窗户那里看到。 16.3 如何判断使用被动语态？ 在我们做题过程中，如何判断使用被动语态？以下四条可供参考： ⑴ 句中含有by sb时，例如：The windows __________ (break) by those boys. 本句中含有by those boys，因此可以判断使用被动语态。答案是：were broken。 ⑵ 句中含有with sth时，例如：The ground __________ (cover) with thick snow. 本句中含有with thick snow，因此可以判断使用被动语态。答案是：is covered。 ⑶ 主语后的及物动词缺少宾语时，例如：I __________ (tell) to come at once. 我们知道，tell的句型是tell sb to do sth。但是本句中tell的后面缺少宾语，说明主语I是动词tell的动作对象，因此tell要用被动语态。答案是：was told。 ⑷ 主语和谓语动词在逻辑上有动宾关系时，例如：English __________ (teach) in middle schools. 本句中既没有by sb，也没有with sth，这时，就要分析句子的主语和谓语动词之间是否存在逻辑上的动宾关系。English不可能发出teach的动作，只能是teach动作的对象，它们之间存在着动宾关系，因此，tell要用被动语态。答案是：is taught。 以上四条中，前三条比较直观，而最后一条最为可靠。 被动语态在JEFC教材中直到第三册Unit 16—Unit 18（Lesson 61—Lesson 72）中才作为语法项目进行专 门训练，并经过整整三个单元共12课才能完成这一知识点的教学，可见被动语态的难度。 以上三个单元12课出现的有关被动语态的语言知识可归结如下： 1.从时态上说，出现了一般现在时和一般过去时中的被动语态，如： It‘s used for cutting. It’s was made in China. 2.从句式上说，出现了陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句中的被动语态，如： English is spoken by many people. Were they built in 1860? What‘s it made of? When was it founded? Where’s tea grown? 3.例句中出现的动词（或词组）有： to be dug／founded ／grown ／harvested ／kept ／knocked ／looked after／made [of] ／picked／p lanted ／produced ／pusheddown／spoken／tied to／used [for]／watered 4.依据教材内容句子结构可以达到这样的复杂程度：It will beused as a tool by people in the wo rld in some days. 格式是：主语＋情态动词＋加be动词＋过去分词＋as／for 表示功 用＋动作执行者＋方位 状语＋时间状语。这一格式中某些成分可以省略或移位。 怎样学习被动语态 英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代，但大都着重它的构成形式，例证则往往不够。这种语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多出现，这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。在某些句子中，英语总是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用，如： Shakespeare was born in 1564．/Moliere was born in Paris． 初学英语的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因为我们在汉语中惯于说"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于 巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，从来不说一个人"被生出"。 在另一些句子中，英语可用主动及被动两种语态，汉语则倾向于用主动，如： Everybody likes him．/He is liked by everybody． 汉语"人人喜欢他"看来比"他被人人喜欢"更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题，用作主语的词是加以强调的。即 令如此，按照英语结构写成的"他被大家喜欢"这样的句子，总是别扭。 下面就十个类别，举出一些句子，说明英语某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。类别当然不能只是十个，这儿仅举常见的。每个类别下也只举五个句子，句子中的动词彼此不一样。为方便起见，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句子，但不注明出处。 1．关于生病 The left lung is affected． _____ALD He is confined to the house by illness． ____ ALD He was seized with sudden chest pains． ____LDCE He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____LDCE John was Invalided out of the army． 上面这些句子中被动语态在英语中很习惯化，如将动词改为主动语态，有不同程度的不顺。用汉语表达这些句子中的同样的概 念，就可以不一定用被动语态。 2．关于疲倦困乏 He was doneup afterthe long ride． ALD He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb． _____ ALD He was almost fagged out． ______ ALD I'm completely exhausted．____LDCE I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage． 汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极普通。如说由于某种原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在结构上不用被动语态。这和第一类的例子是一致的。 3．关于喜悦、高兴 I was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ALD We're very pleased to see you here．_____ALD On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ALD She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ALD The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ALD 汉语如说"被高兴"，将不成文理，说"使……高兴"或"为……高兴"，那也不能照英语被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句 话照汉语是"我高兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化，但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我高兴"。无论如何。汉语说"高兴"，不能如英语那样用被动语态。 4．关于阻塞、拖延： We're been held up by fog． _____ ALD The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ALD The train was delayed two hours． _____ALD I was hindered from getting here．____ALD The harbour was blocked by ice．_____ALD 这第二句ALD英汉双解本译成"山路被落下石头所阻塞"。严格地说这句译文似乎欠流畅，尤其不能用于口语。当然，凡是阻力，总是外来的阻力，施于受事的主语，主语处于被动地位，但汉语不能采取英语的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。 5、关于习惯 He is quite used to hard work．____ALD This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE He is given to long walks． _____LDCE 英语中有些动词，由于常用于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另立专条著录，成为独立的词，其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如，词典一般既有use这一专条（不定式动词），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被动"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也大体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。 6．关于苦恼、心烦意乱 He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE 苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此英语中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。 7．关于惊讶或震惊 I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD 一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了，不同于英语的被动表现形式。 8．关于围绕、包围 His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years．_____ALD The troops were surrounded．_____ALD The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE 对于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以用"被包围"这类说法的，但对第一句的"is fenced with，"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了，不一定要说"被用篱笆围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说：应该用栏杆围起来"，或"应该把它用栏杆围起来"，而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。 9．关于玷污、污染 His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD My car was mired． ____ ALD The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE Your fingers are stained with ink． That cheese is mildewed． 和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被动语态。我们说，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。 10．关于惶惑、慌乱 I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do． 以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。 综观以上的例子，我们觉得中国学生学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情况下，英语一定比汉语更常用被动语态；要留心哪些动词是这样用的，哪些动词虽有各种不同用法，但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态，几乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下面两个句子： My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD 下面这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使用的大有人在，以致语言死板，并违反英语习惯。 It is observed that… It may be observed that… It will be observed that… It remains to be observed that… 如此等等。他们只知说We may observe that…之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。 短语动词的被动语态 英语中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。 短语动词被看成一个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构 成方法相同。如： 1．动词+介词 He will be operated on by the best surgeon． 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。 This matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔细调查。 He is often laughed at by his classmates． 他经常被同学嘲笑。 2．动词 + 副词 These problems have been seriously thought over． 这些问题已得到认真考虑。 The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11点钟关灯。 The fire was soon put out． 那场大火很快被扑灭。 3．动词+副词+介词 These privileges should be done away with． 此类特权应该被取消。 Women were looked down upon in the past． 妇女过去受到歧视。 The lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。 4．动词+名词+介词 The children have been taken good care of． 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。 What they did have been paid great attention to． 他们所做的一切已得到极大的关注。 Time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利用。 |
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