基于“人性化设计”思想的医疗器械设计——Veronica

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基于“人性化设计”思想的医疗器械设计

 

摘要：人性化并不是神秘不可触及的上苍，同时也不是唾手可及囊中之物，她是时代设计特征同时也是各种设计思想的汇集，她是我们挂在口头但又不得不认真研究的重要课题。

关键词：人性化 医疗器械 设计

The design of medical devices based on "user-friendly design"

Abstract: Humanity is not the mystery of God which can not be touched, and also can not be got easily. It is being on with characteristics of the times and also a collection of various design ideas. We always talk about it and ought to study it---this important issue carefully.
Keywords: humanity   medical device   design

 

0 引言

1988年日本索尼公司举办的“SONY—DESIGN—VISION”设计大赛中，一位名叫Brain Elliot的青年设计师设计的作品——“Anlmon电视机”获得了大奖。在这个作品中，设计师彻底改变了传统电视机的功能、造型原则和使用方法，把“Animon”设计成为一个可行走的听话的“电视机器人”，使用者的遥控使它可招之即来，挥之即去，并能按人的意图调节屏幕角度，变换图像，使人们充分享受到了“使用趣味”和“使用快感”。人们在这样的设计面前，真要感叹自身的伟大了。因为在这种对设计物的使用过程中，人性得到了随心所欲的释放和满足。 Brain Elliot的获奖得益于他对人性的深层次的关注和探究，得益于他对“为人而设计”思想的深刻理会。

0 Introduction
In "SONY-DESIGN-VISION" design competition held by Japan's Sony Corporation in 1988, a youth named Brain Elliot won the grand prize with his work - "Anlmon TV". In this work, the designer changes the traditional TV functions, modeling principles and using methods completely and designs the "Animon" to become an obedient walking "TV Robot". It can be in the user’ s control to come to the user when being called, to adjust the screen's point of view and transform the image  according to the intention of men, so that people can fully enjoy the "fun of use" and " pleasure of use." People in the face of such a design, is really to be a great sigh of its own. By using the design, human nature has been fully released and satisfied. Brain Elliot’s design benefits from his deep-seated concerns and explore of human nature according to his deep thinking of designing for human.

 

1 人性化设计的基本概念

1.1人性的要求设计具备“人性化”

现代设计是科学和艺术、技术与人性的结合，科学技术给设计以坚实的结构和良好的功能，而艺术和人性使设计富于美感，充满情趣和活力，成为人与设计和谐亲近的纽带。片面强调一面忽视另一面，将使设计走向极端，与设计初衷背道而驰。

1 The basic concepts of humanized design
1.1 Design with the requirements of human nature, "humanity"

Modern design is the combination of science and art, technology and human nature. Thanks to the science and technology, the design has a solid structure and good function and with the arts and humanity, the design is full of beauty, fun and vitality, so that it’ s harmonious between people and design . Emphasizing on one aspect and ignoring the other part will let the design go to the extreme and run counter to it’ s original meaning.

1.2 设计人性化的内在意义

中国古代哲人所宣扬的“天人合一”，“物我相忘”的思想便反映了对这种关系的辩证认识。人类的设计和设计物总是体现了一定时期人们的审美意识、伦理道德、历史文化和情感等精神因素，这是物的“人化”，造物的“人化”；而人类的一定意识、情感、文化等精神因素，又需借助于一定物质形式来表达，作为人类生活方式载体的设计物必然承担了一部分对人类精神的承载和表达功能。这便是人类精神的“物化”，人的“物化”。“人化”和“物化”构成了人与设

计物的互动关系，设计便是物的“人化”和人的“物化”的统一，两者相辅相成。这便是人性化的内在含义。

1.2 The inner meaning of humanized design
An ancient Chinese philosopher, advocated the "harmony in human and nature", and "neither of the object and oneself in memory ".   The design by man always reflects the people's aesthetic consciousness, ethics, history and culture, mental and emotional factors in a certain period of time. It is matter of "person" and creation of "humanization". And there are emotional, spiritual and cultural factors   which are necessary to be   expressed in a certain material form. As a vector of human life, the design is bound to human spirit and expressional function. They are the human’s materialized spirit and the materialized human. Both of them together constitute the design and are necessary to each other. This is the inner meaning of humanity.

1.3 设计人性化反映了“为人而设计”的本质特征

设计是人的设计，即满足人生理和心理的需要、物质和精神的需要。设计的主体是人，设计的使用者和设计者也是人，因此人是设计的中心和尺度。这种尺度既包括生理尺度，又包括心理尺度，而心理尺度的满足是通过设计人性化得以实现的。从这个意义上来说，设计人性化和人性化设计的出现，完全是设计本质要求使然，决非完全是设计师追逐风格的结果。因为离开了对人心理要求的反映和满足，设计便偏离了正轨。因此设计的人性化已成为评判设计优劣的不变准则。李砚祖先生认为：“什么是好的设计? 处于技术水平、市场需要、美学趣味等等条件不断变化的今天，很难有永恒评判的标准。但有一点则是不变的，那就是设计中对人的全力关注，把人的价值放在首位。”李先生的观点正反映在了设计界对人性化的关注和重视。

1.3 The essential feature of the design is a reflection of human nature

Design is for men, which is for people to meet their physical and psychological, material and spiritual needs. The main design is the design for the user and the designer is. Therefore, man is the center of the design and scale. This measure includes both the physiological scale and physical scale. To meet their psychological scale, it’s necessary to humanize the design. In this sense, the design of human nature and human nature of the appearance of design is entirely due to the essential requirements of the design. And it is not entirely the result of chasing style. If the requirement can not be satisfied, the design will be deviated from the track. Therefore the design of human nature has become a judge of the design criteria. Yanzu Li think that it’s difficult to decide whether it’s a good design or not today. But one thing is unchanged. That is the design of person's full attention to human values in the first place. Mr. Lee's view is reflected in the attention for the humanized design.

1.4 设计人性化是人类追求得一种崇高境界

随着人类认识水平的逐渐提高、深化和上升，人类认识将由“必然王国”走向“自由王国”，这是认识发展的必然规律。而人类的设计也必将随着自身认识的提高走向更高的境界，即人类社会所孜孜以求的理想化、艺术化的造物方式和生活方式，由不自觉走向自觉，由追求物质需要为主到两者兼顾并以追求精神享受为主。由设计的“必然王国”通向设计的“自由王国”，“随心所欲而不逾矩”，这是设计师及消费者的共同梦想。设计的层次越高，其精神性的因素就越多、越圆满，物质性和精神性、理性化和人性化的结合就越完美、越融洽。从某种意义上说，设计的不断发展和提升的过程即是人的认识、思想和情感的不断完善的过程，人类设计是人类情感、文化精神及伦理道德的观照。可以预言，设计人性化将是未来设计的必然趋势和最终归宿，设计师的工作即是：使人们从物的挤压和奴役中解放出来，使人的生存环境和物品更适合人性，使人的心理更加健康发展，使人类感情更加丰富，人性更加完美，真正达到人物和谐，“物我相忘”的境界。

1.4 The humanized design is a wonderful pursuit of men

With more knowledge, it’s regular for human’s understanding to improve from "of necessity" to "freedom". And the more the human know about themselves the better the design will become. The idealistic, artistic way of creation and life pursued by human society is on the way from pursuing materials to both materials and spirit, also make spirit as the main pursuit. The higher level the design is in, the more spiritual factors there are and more harmonious cooperation between materials and spirit, ration and humanized design. In a sense, the process of improving the design is the process of people’s understanding, thinking and emotion. Design is reflection of human emotion, mental and moral culture. It can be predicted that the design of user-friendly design will be the inevitable trend of the future and final destination, the work of designers that is: people from the extrusion and slavery are emancipated and the living environment and goods are more suitable to people. Besides, psychological part become more heather and human emotion more richer to reach harmony and the realm of "Things and oneself forget each other”.

2 人机工程上是人性化设计的技术实现手段

所谓人性化产品，在一定程度上就是包含人机工程的产品，只要是“人”所使用的产品，都应在人机工程上加以考虑，产品的造型与人机工程无疑是结合在一起的。我们可以将它们描述为：以心理为圆心，生理为半径，用以建立人与物(产品)之间和谐关系的方式，最大限度地挖掘人的潜能，综合平衡地使用人的机能，保护人体健康，从而提高生产率。在设计和制造时都必须把“人的因素”作为一个重要的条件来考虑。若将产品类别区分为专业用品和一般用品的话，专业用品在人机工程上则会有更多的考虑，它比较偏重于生理学的层面；而一般性产品则必须兼顾心理层面的问题，需要更多的符合美学及潮流的设计，也就是应以产品人性化的需求为主。

2 man-machine engineering design is user-friendly means of technology
The so-called user-friendly products, to a certain extent that is included in the man-machine engineering products, as long as it is used by persons, products should be considered the man-machine engineering. Design and ergonomics is combined certainly. We can describe them as follows:  the psychological part as the center, physiological radius as the establishment of object (product)to build  a harmonious relationship for people to  maximize their potential and  balance  their use of people’ s function to increase productivity.  In the design and manufacturing, the "human factor" should be considered as an important condition. If products are divided into two parts that are professional supplies and general supplies, the supplies of professional engineering in the man-machine will be considered more. And general products must take the psychological level into account and need more  in line with the aesthetics and design trends, that is, products should be based on the needs of human.

人性化的设计指导理念是人文关怀，而要是实现人文关怀，我们必不可少的要使用到现有的设计的各种手段和技术，人机工程学是为了解决“人——机——环境”只见关系的科学技术，所以其所包含的内容也就是人性化的技术手段。

Human design is guided by the philosophy - humanistic concern, and the realization of humane care need to use existing tools and technology. Ergonomics is to address "human - machine - environment" in which it can be seen the relationship between science and technology. So its content is user-friendly technology.

 

人机工程学的显著特点是，在认真研究人、机、环境三个要素本身特性的基础上，不单纯着眼于个别要素的优良与否，而是将使用“物”的人和所设计的“物”以及人与“物”所共处的环境作为一个系统来研究。在人机工程学中将这个系统称为“人——机——环境”系统。这个系统中，人、机、环境三个要素之间相互作用、相互依存的关系决定着系统总体的性能。本学科的人机系统设计理论，就是科学地利用三个要素间的有机联系来寻求系统的最佳参数。

The distinguishing feature of ergonomics is that it’s not only focusing on whether individual elements fine or not, but also focusing on people, machine and environment, and regard them as one system on the base of studying their characteristics. In the ergonomics, the system refers to the" human - machine - environment" system. In this system, human, machine and environment interact and depend on each other determining the overall system performance. The design’ s theory is that scientific would like to find the best parameters by using the organic links between the system.

一项好的产品设计是可以涵盖形态和人机因素的，产品的外形一样也可以有机会做人机工程的发挥。除了一般的大众消费品之外，专为特殊族群所设计的产品在人机工程学上也有更多的考虑。例如残疾人用的瓷器套具，此套设计是专为残疾人做的餐具，又不让人直接看出它们是专为残疾人做的。故而，设计师在充分考虑了人机工程学的基础上，特别处理手把的凹凸，使患者拿在手里有一种心态上的平衡感，既能看到，又能摸到，但又不那么显眼。

A good product design can be covered by the form and human factors and appearance of the product can also have the opportunity to play a machine works. Besides the goods for   general consumers, specifically design for the special group of people need more consideration about the ergonomics. For example, a set of porcelain is specifically designed to cater for the disabled to do dishes and nobody can see that directly .Therefore, designers take full account of the basis of ergonomics, in particular, to deal with the bump in hand, so that patients have in his hand the balance to a state of mind. We can see, can touch, but it’s not so conspicuous.

再以医疗设备来说，病床、医疗椅等产品，在设计上不只是考虑操作要符合人机工程学，在材料上也应力求人性化，增加产品的亲和力，以提高产品的“EQ”。

Medical equipments as beds, chairs and other medical products, are designed for the operation to comply with ergonomics and in the aspect of material, it should also be sought to humanization, to improve the products’ affinity and" EQ".

3 信息时代医疗器械改革

3.1 设计理念的转变

数字化时代增强了社会的物质技术特点，在信息社会里，网络和虚拟社区的出现，一方面使人和人的关系更加密切，另一方面又强化了个人的私人化的生存方式，人与人的联系似乎变的更加的冷漠，人们在工作或工作之余，需要一个能够处处感到关心体贴、符合个人情感与功能需要的生活空间，在使用产品的同时得到精神和心灵上的慰藉。

3 the reform of medical equipment in the information age
3.1 Design theory’s changes
In the digital age, the material and technical characteristics are enhanced. In the information society, with the emergence of networks and virtual communities, on one hand  the relationship between people become more closely and on the other hand, it strengthens private lives by individuals as a means to survival. People seem to become more indifference to others. People at work or spare time need a place to be cared suitable for personal feelings and functions in line with the needs of the living space. At the same time the spirit and spiritual solace be satisfied.

正是这种需求的变化，市场的新潮，设计的主要方向也开始了战略性的转移：由传统的工业产品转变为以计算技术为代表的高新技术产品和服务。与此同时，人们生活水平的提高，个性化需求的出现、审美情趣的变化，使设计理念也发生了很大的改变。针对过去路易斯.沙利文提出的现代主义设计口号“形式追随功能” （Form Follows Function）逐渐被淡化，而慢慢走向了著名“青蛙设计公司”（Frog Design）提出的“形式服从情感”（Form Follows Emotion）设计理念，数字化时代、信息设计、人性化设计、非物质性社会的设计等已成为新的设计理念和领域，而这些新的设计理念和领域也必须与时俱进，可持续发展。

With these changes related to demands in fashion, the main strategic direction of the design shift from the traditional industrial products to products with high-tech and good services. At the same time, people's improving living standards, personal demands, and changing aesthetic taste make design concepts change. Louis Sullivan raised the slogan "form follows function" which is gradually forgotten. And the famous "frog design" raised the "form follows emotion" concept. The digital age, information design, user-friendly design, non-material design community has become a new design concept and field. And these new ideas and areas of designing must be advancing with the times and be sustainable development.

市场靠产品，产品开发靠设计。只有依靠精心设计，才能把市场、消费需求溶入产品中，把经济、科技和艺术相结合，把智力、魅力和竞争力相统一。因此，设计的人文化、个性化、及所得到的品牌效应在世界经济发展的大潮中，不再是某个人的事情。

Market is being on with product and the development of product is being on with design. Only by relying on carefully design, products can be in consumer and market’ s demands and the economy, science and technology and art can be combined, so  intelligence, charm and the competitiveness are . Therefore, the design culture, personalization, and b the brand in the world tide of economic development is no longer a personal matter.

3.2 我国医疗产品今后的设计方向

信息时代的医疗产品设计同过去相比，一显著的不同点是加入了科学技术手段。数字化、电子化、信息化、网络化的生产满足“人”的多方面需求，提供物质可能性。20世纪二、三十年代由包豪斯学府提出的“功能主义”在工业产品设计中影响很大，因此，医疗产品设计有相当长一段时间以“理性主义”思潮为主流，遵循“形式追随功能”的经典工业设计原则，以追随单一的使用功能为唯一的衡量标准，完全按照功能模块的区分，当时尽管它起到了许多积极的作用，但其“技术至上”的倾向导致了产品与人的情感、与环境的疏远。这种并不考虑“人”的心理需求，直接以一一对应的形式来设计产品的结构和形态。加上加工技术的局限，这种传统对应关系下的产品就表现为人们最常见的、毫无修饰的四方块，没有人从消费者“人性化”的角度去诠释医疗产品，这种高估计“物”的技术作用，而忽视“物”的人文价值的作法，是不能符合当今时代的要求。

3.2 China's medical products’ design direction of future
In the information age, the design of medical products comparing with themselves in the past, is different in the aspect of the incorporation of the scientific and technological means. Digital, electronic, information, technology, and network-based production can meet people’s various needs especially material needs.  Second, in 1920s or 1930s, the institution "functionalism" by the Bauhaus influence a lot in industrial product design, therefore, the design of medical products for a long period of time has "rationalism" as the mainstream of thought following the classic principles "Form Follows function " in order to follow the use of a single function as the only measure, in full accordance with the distinction between functional modules. At that time although it has played an active role, but the" technology first" tendency leads people's feelings and the environment to be away of each other. In this kind of products, human psychological needs are not considered. It only base on the form of one-to-one design in the structure and form. of products. Processing technology has limitations. Traditional products are just like things with no modification. And no one interpret medical products in the point of view of humanized products to neglect the function of culture. It can’t exist in the contemporary era.

与此同时，将产品的“设计”行为视为或从事为“装饰”行为，却仍是我国企业中工业设计实践的主流。这种认识和行为上的肤浅化，歪曲化，正使相当多的企业遭受严重的短期损失（如产品积压）和长远损失（如失去市场）。因此，企业投入市场的也许是高性能的商品，但绝不是高质量、受欢迎的用品。

At the same time, the "design" of the product engages in conduct as a "decoration". And it is the mainstream of industrial design. This distorted awareness and behavior is making a considerable number of enterprises suffering serious short-term losses (such as product backlog) and long-term losses (such as loss of market). Therefore, the products in market may be high-performance, but not high-quality, popular products.

 

 

4 医疗设备设计过程中涉及的特殊问题

    让我们仔细考察一下医疗设备设计过程中涉及的特殊问题。通常，当我们在设计普通的家用电器产品时，产品购买者就是产品的最终使用者。但是对于医疗设备而言，是由医院的管理者来购买，由医生和护士来操作，当然最终是由患者来接受治疗。这意味着我们需要满足三组顾客的需求，而不仅仅是个人或一个家庭，并且这三组使用者需要的和关心的优先顺序各不相同。作为设计师应该考虑各方面的因素。

4 The special problems involved in the design process of medical equipment    

Let us take a closer look at the special problems involved in the design process of medical equipment. Usually, when we   design common household products, the buyer is the user. However, in terms of medical equipment, it’s bought by hospital s managers but operated by the doctors and nurses .Of course, ultimately it’ s patients who receive treatment. This means that we need to meet the needs of three groups of customers, not just an individual or a family, and these three groups of users must be concerned differently. As a designer, various factors should be taken into account.

4.1 医院环境

首先是医院自身的环境，——指物质环境。显然，医院里的任何产品都必须是无菌的，易于清洗，经得起可能使用的任何腐蚀性液体。在许多医院里，对空间的需求很大。因为医疗设备的体积通常都很庞大，所以，必须考虑医院的门窗尺寸和天花板的高度，当然还要考虑这些设备可能占用的地面面积等尺寸。

4.1 hospital environment
First of all, hospital's own environment refers to material environment. Obviously, any product of the hospital must be sterile, easy to be clean, and not easy destroyed by any corrosive fluid. In many hospitals, there are  high demand for space, because the volume of medical equipment is usually very large. So the doors and windows of the hospital must be taken into account such as the size of the floor area.