两性的奥秘：性别差异的十个方面10 Cases of Natural Gender Inequality 两性的奥秘：性别差异的十个方面 A gender gap is a difference between women and men, besides the obvious anatomy, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural or economic achievements or attitudes. However this list will focus on some of the biological aspects concerned with both sexes, such as the now well-known fact that men can hold their alcohol better than women, because women have a higher proportion of body fat and less stomach enzymes to metabolize the alcohol, causing 30% more of it to hit her bloodstream than a man who took the same drink. 男女之间存在的性别差异，除了显而易见解剖学意义上的，更多是反映在社会的、政治的、智力的、文化的或者经济上的成果和态度上的。然而，这个榜单将更注重于两性之间生物学方面的差异，比如说，现在最为熟知的男性的酒量强于女性，原因是女性身体里高密度脂肪以及少量的胃酶能够代谢酒精，结果与喝相同数量同品质酒的男性相比，女性的血液系统里会混入超过30%的酒精。 Firstly, I apologize beforehand if any of my writing style comes off favoring either gender. I will also warn you to act as an adult concerning some of the entries on this list. Secondly, don’t let this list define you, some of these only concern either gender on average, not as an individual. 首先，我如果我的写作风格招致男性或女性的不高兴，我道歉先。作为成年人，我也提醒你去关注榜单上的某些表述。第二点，不要让这个榜单限制到你，这些只是一个平均意义上的性别差异，而不是作为个体意义上的。 Navigation and awareness 10 航行和意识 The way we get around is different to each gender, but it has been demonstrated that men are developmentally ahead in spatial awareness. Men are more abstract and Euclidian, using kilometers/miles and cardinal directions, while women often base their directions on landmarks and left-right directions. The lobule, which controls the perception of speed and the mental ability to rotate 3-D objects, is larger in men as well. 不同的性别之间，接触事物的方式不同，据说，男性在空间意识方面发展的更超前一些。男性更擅长抽象和欧几里德的方式，用公里（里）和数字表明方向，然而女性依据地标和左右的方向来确定位置。掌控速度感和旋绕3D物体的心智能力的小叶，在男性身上体积也更大。 This all comes back to the hunter-gatherer days, when men led the hunt for meat and needed to have all of these perceptive tools handy for a successful hunt. On three-dimensional video tests, boys beat girls in spatial ability by a ratio of 4: 1, and the best girls were often outclassed by the lowest scoring boys. 这都要从狩猎-收集的时代算起，那时候，男性负责捕食肉食，需要能够成功涉猎的所有感知工具。在三维视频的测试中，男性在空间能力方面打败女性的比率是4:1，表现最好的女孩也通常赶不上得分最低的男孩。 Male brains are also programmed to concentrate efficiently on one thing at a time, while female brains are geared to be able to multitask. The reason behind this could be that neuron fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres are more plentiful in women. However some studies have shown the opposite to be true. 男性的大脑也被设计成在某一时刻更有效率地集中于某一件事情，女性的则能够承担多项事务。这个背后的原因，可能是连接左右脑的神经纤维在女性那里更为丰富。然而也有些研究表明相反的结论才是对的。 Intelligence 9 智力 The male brain is larger than the female’s, having about 4% more cells and weighing 100 grams more than female brains. While this may be, each sex has equal brain weight to body weight ratio. The female brain is also more compact and more densely packed with neurons. In females, the region associated with language and social interaction is significantly larger than males, and located in both cerebral hemispheres, not just the left (as in males). While men exceed women at spatial navigation and geometry, women are exceeding at language even more. A study of 8th grade girls and boys (9th year for UK) showed the girls exceeding the boys 6: 1. 男性的大脑比女性来的大，也比女性的大脑多了大约4%的细胞和重了100克。然而这种说法也有可能，各个性别都有相同的脑重量和身体重量比例。女性的大脑更为紧凑，脑神经更为稠密。在和语言方面、社会交往方面相关的区域，女性的大脑明显比男性的大，并且位于大脑半球的两边，而不是像男性只在左边部分。当男性比女性更擅长空间航行和几何学，女性在语言上就更胜一筹。一项针对八年级男孩女孩（英国的九年级）的研究表明，女性胜过男性的比例为6:1。 Because language centers are smaller, and only located in one hemisphere, this puts males more at risk for language disorders like dyslexia. Stuttering and speech defects appear almost exclusively in boys. But, even though they are more at risk, they average 3-4 IQ points more than women. 因为语言中心更小，只位于一个半球，这也使男性陷入如失语症等语言紊乱的危险中。口吃和发音缺憾在男孩之间非常普遍。但是，即使他们有更大的危险，他们在IQ得分方面要比女性高3-4分。 Interestingly enough, Dr. Louann Brizendine claims that every brain begins as a female brain, only becoming male 8 weeks after conception, when there is a surge in testosterone which reduces the language center and grows more cells in the aggression centers. 有趣的是，Louann Brizendine 博士声称，开始在女性大脑的每一个细胞，经过成长在八周后变成了男性的细胞，那时候睾酮的急剧上升减小了语言中心区域并在具有攻击性的中心生长出更多的细胞。 Health 8 健康 Women live longer than men in most countries. This could be due to safer life practices, or the fact that the jobs with the highest on-the-job death rate are all, predominantly, male. While both men and women are just as susceptible to mental illness, women are less vulnerable to developmental difficulties and chronic illnesses, with this possibly being due to having two X chromosomes, and therefore becoming a carrier of a disease before showing symptoms, and it could also be due to reduced exposure to testosterone. Remember, males will show symptoms of the disease if their only X chromosome is defective. 在很多国家，女性的寿命长过男性。这可能是因为安全生活的准则，抑或是最有可能导致死亡的工作主要都是由男性承担。当男性和女性都受到身体上疾病的影响时，女性比男性在发展困难和慢性病上更少受到打击，可能是因为女性有两个X染色体，在显现出症状前，一个变成了疾病的载体。这也可能是因为较少的机会接触到睾酮。要记住的是，如果男性唯一的X染色体抵御疾病，就会表现出疾病的症状。
Aging 因此，一些疾病在男性身上比女性更为常见，与X染色体相关的隐性疾病是血友病和色盲。这也可能因为亚斯伯格症候群（孤独症）也是遗传疾病，所以在男性身上发病率四倍超过女性。 7 老龄化 Women, unfortunately, do not age the same as men. Men, the same goes for you. Women have particularly denser neurons that deteriorate differently, which can lead to dementia quicker than a man’s brain would, simply because he has more of them. But women generally have faster blood flow to their brains, causing them to lose less brain tissue as they age. 女性，不幸的是，并不和男性一样速度变老。男性，也同样并不和女性一样情况的变老。女性拥有特别稠密的神经，它们的毁坏方式不同，这导致女性比男性大脑更快的进入痴呆状态，因为男性的神经还有很多。但是，女性通常血液留往大脑的速度要更快，这使她们年老的时候更少损失脑组织。 Men’s skin also ages better, getting wrinkles later than women because the collagen levels don’t deteriorate as fast as they do in women. However, baldness is another X-linked recessive trait; you inherit it from your mother. This is because androgen receptors, a key hormone in the process of balding, are on the X chromosome. This means there is some truth that to see how your hair will go in the near future, look to your mother’s father, the person who gave her one of her X chromosomes. Chronic conditions are also showing a trend in being more prevalent in older women than men (conditions such as hypertension and arthritis). 男性的皮肤比女性更能承受得住年龄，并且会晚些长皱纹，因为胶原蛋白的水平并不像女性那样快的毁坏。然而，秃头是另一个和X染色体相关的隐性特征，从母亲那里遗传得来。这是因为雄性染色体接收器，在秃头过程中关键的荷尔蒙，位于X染色体上。这意味着，事实上看看你的头发在不远的将来如何生长，看看你妈妈的爸爸，他给予了你妈妈他的X染色体。慢性病的情况也同样表明，它在年老的女性身上发病比在男性身上更为普遍（如高血压和关节炎）。 Smell 6 气味 Women have a greater ability to detect smells than men, and this may be linked to estrogen hormones. The structure of the nose is the same in women as men, and they don’t have any more receptors in the nose, but studies have shown smells activate a greater region in the brain in women than men. In one study, they were able to do better than men in differentiating between odors and picking up faint and slight odors. The study was repeated with younger participants with similar results. 女性在感知气味能力方面强于男性，这可能和雌性荷尔蒙有关。女性和男性的鼻子结构是一样的，鼻子没有任何的接收器，但研究却表明气味激活女性大脑中的区域要大于男性大脑中的。在一个研究中，女性比男性在辨别气味和学习微弱气味上做的更好。这项研究在年轻的被试者身上也得到了同样的结果。 In another unrelated study, men were given clean cotton t-shirts to sleep in for two nights. The t-shirts were subsequently sealed in plastic bags and then sent to women to smell and rate how attractive they thought the t-shirt wearer was. The most striking find of the study was that the women often picked the men who had the strongest immune systems. 在另一项不相关的研究中，给男性穿着干净的棉质T恤睡觉过两夜。T恤然后密封在塑料袋里，让女性去闻一闻并且评估她们认为穿T恤的人有多么的有魅力。这项研究最令人注目的地方是女性通常选出来的是那些具有最强免疫系统的男性。 Pain Tolerance 5 对疼痛的容忍度 Ever thought your girlfriend or wife was overreacting to a crushed finger or stubbed toe? Well, she might not have been overreacting at all, as women have more nerve receptors, which cause them to feel pain more intensely than men. Women average 34 nerve fibers per square centimeter of facial skin, while men only average 17 nerve fibers. You’re not being tougher than her by charismatically surviving a bee sting; you’re just not feeling it at her intensity. 是否想过你的女朋友或者老婆对压伤的手指或者被绊的脚趾会有过度的反应？好吧，她可能根本没有过度的反应，因为女性有更多的神经接收器，这促使她们比男性对疼痛的感知更加细致。女性在每平方的表面皮肤上平均有34个神经纤维，而男性只有17个神经纤维。你可能没有她那么容易有超凡的能力去躲过蜜蜂的叮咬：你只是不能感受那些如她一般的细致。 This has far-reaching effects, as in the treatment of chronic pain sufferers may need higher dosages of painkillers. About 70% of chronic pain sufferers are women, as well. Their being sensitive and tolerant to pain is different though. Let me repeat: they are sensitive, yet tolerant to pain. They have more coping mechanisms than men do to deal with pain (i.e. more complex endorphin and oxytocin responses), and can therefore get through much more arduous parts of life, such as childbirth. 这些具有深远的效果，正如对于慢性病治疗患者可能需要更高剂量的止疼片。大约70%的慢性病疼痛患者也是女性。尽管如此，她们对疼痛的敏感性和容忍度是不同的。让我再陈述一遍：她们敏感，却对疾病具有容忍度。她们比男性有具有更多的处理机制去解决疼痛（比如说，更复杂的内啡肽和催产素反应）并且因此能够经历生命中更艰难的部分：如生育。 Sight 4 视觉 When it comes to the sense of sight, there are some big differences between men and women. While men can read finer print and are better at night vision and discerning movement, women can sense colors better, have a wider periphery of vision and have more of a chance of being a tetrachromat. 说到视觉，男性和女性之间有很大的差异。男性能够读更精美的文字，善用夜间的视力并且能够辨别方向，女性能够更好的感知颜色，拥有更为广阔的视觉域，更有可能成为一个“四色视者”。 A tetrachromat has another type of cone in between the red and green (somewhere in the orange range) and its 100 shades, theoretically, would allow a woman to see 100 million different colors. Only a woman can be a tetrachromat. This is because the genes for the pigments in green and red cones lie on the X chromosome, and only women have two X chromosomes, creating the opportunity for one type of red cone to be activated on one X chromosome and the other type of red cone on the other one. In a few cases, women may have two distinct green cones on either X chromosome. 四色视者具有某一种介于红色和绿色锥体（橙色范围的某处）和100个阴影处，这能够让女人看清楚1亿种颜色。只有女人能够成为四色视者。这是因为绿色和红色色素的圆锥体基因位于X染色体上，只有女人拥有两个X染色体，给一种红色圆柱体在一个X染色体上的激活和另一种红色圆锥体在另一个染色体上的激活创造条件。在一些情况下，女性在每一个X染色体上有两种不同的绿色圆锥体。 Unfortunately, it doesn’t work the same for men, as most of the color deficient men inherit two red or two green cones along with the standard blue cone, making it impossible for them to distinguish between red and green. 8 percent of men in the world have a color deficiency as compared to 0.5% of women. 2-3% of women in the world may have a fourth cone and are a tetrachromat. 不幸的是，男性没有此项天赋，大多数缺乏色感的男性遗传两个红色或者两个绿色圆锥体的同时也伴有标准的蓝色圆锥体，这使他们很难分得清楚红色和绿色，与0.5%的女性比较，世界上8%的男性具有色感缺失，世界上2-3%的女性具备第四圆锥体，是一位“四色视者。” Communication 3 沟通方式 Everybody knows that women and men communicate differently, and here are some observations from the scientific community that will enlighten you as to how and why. 每个人都知道，男性和女性的沟通方式不同，下面一些科学界的观察能够帮助你去思考这怎么回事和为什么。 Women are able to more adequately manipulate their facial expressions than men. However, the results are flipped when it comes to expressing and communicating anger. Women have a tendency to catch others emotions, also known as emotional contagion, although men can inhibit their expressions better than females, when cued to do so. 女性比男性更能够操控他们的面部表情。然而，当表达和交流愤怒的时候，结果就会反了过来，当有暗示需要的时候，女性更有倾向去感染他人的情绪，也被称为情绪传染，然而男性比女性能够更好的去控制自己的表情。 Women are more inclined to face each other and make eye contact when talking. Men are more likely to look away from each other. Women will tend to communicate more affection and prioritize communication more than the masculine side of the equation. When in a discussion, men are likely to debate and talk about a range of topics while the ladies may talk at length about one topic. There are a lot more tendencies each sex has when it comes to communicating, and it helps to understand this because some phrases mean something different to each gender, phrases such as “Talking about us.” 当谈话的时候，女性更愿意选择面对彼此和做眼神交流。男性则更可能眼光彼此逃避。女性更倾向于带有情感的交流，把交流列为首选而不是表现其男性气质的一面。在一个讨论中，男性可能就广泛的主题进行辩论，女士们则可能就一个话题细致品味。当交流的时候，性别之间存在很多种倾向，这会帮助彼此了解，因为不同的词语对不同的性别具有不同的解读，比如说“谈谈我们“。 Friendships 2 友情 The way friendships are forged and maintained also differs between male and female. Men expect competition in companionship. They avoid communicating weakness and vulnerability as well as personal and emotional concerns. For women there is little to no problems with communicating weakness and vulnerability, even seeking out friendships during hardships. For this reason one could say that women are emotionally closer to their friends than men are. 男性和女性建立友情和维护友情的方法也是不同的。男性通过竞争获得友谊。他们避免交流软弱、脆弱、个人和情感的需要。而女性交流软弱和脆弱则是没有问题，甚至于需要在艰难的时候需求友情的帮助。为此，有人说，女性比男性在情感上与朋友更加紧密。 Women tend to value and bond with their friends for listening and responding non-critically, showing support and offering comfort. On the other hand, men grow closer to each other by doing activities with each other, or doing each other favors. Young boys at school will play more vigorously, and occupy more space in their play area, than girls. Girls will opt for more sedentary games, and girls are more likely to accept a new classmate to their group, whereas a new boy will have to demonstrate his usefulness to the group. 女性倾向于通过聆听和轻柔的回应来赢得和加强朋友的关系，表现出支持和提供安慰。另一方面，男性是通过彼此间的活动或互相帮忙来靠近对方。学校里年轻小伙子比女孩们一起玩的更充满活力，并且在运动场占有更大的区域。女孩们选择更多安静的游戏，并且更愿意接受一个新同学加入他们的团体，而一个新来的男同学则必须要向他的团队表现出他能够提供帮助的一面。 Orgasm 1 性高潮 During orgasm, both female and male genitals swell with blood, their pulse races and muscles contract involuntarily at intervals of 0.8 seconds (approximately). Some peoples mouths open. Others faces contort. The feet may arch and shake. A warm glow envelopes the body. It is during orgasm in both men and women that oxytocin floods through our bloodstream. Oxytocin, released by female orgasm, helps women lie still for a while afterwards. This further increases the likelihood of conception. 在性高潮中，女性和男性都生殖器充血，脉搏跳动，筋肉不自觉的以0.8秒的时间间隔收缩（大约的数目）。有些人嘴巴张开，另一些人面部扭曲。他们的脚步呈弓形并且颤动。一阵暖光包裹着身体。在性高潮中，男性和女性的后叶催产素(脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙的一种)大量涌入我们的血管。后叶催产素，由女性高潮释放出来，帮助女性能够在完事后静止的平躺。这有帮助提高怀孕的可能性。 However, the difference here is the time to reach orgasm, and the functionality of each. According to sexologist Alfred Kinsley for 75% of all males, orgasm is possible to be attained within the first four minutes after initiation of sexual intercourse. For women the average time to reach orgasm is between 10 and 20 minutes. The swiftness of the male system virtually guarantees climactic orgasms for males, but is usually too quick for the female. Self stimulation is also quicker for both sexes, significantly for women. 然而，不同点在于到达高潮的时间点以及各自的功能性。根据性学家Alfred Kinsley ，男性中有75%，高潮可能在性爱开始后的前四分钟获得，对于女人来说，达到高潮平均在10到20分钟的过程中。男性系统的迅速反应世界上管控着男性的高潮，但这通常对女性来说太快了。自我刺激对两性都会很快进入状况，对女性尤甚。 It has also been proposed that due to the physiological similarity of men and womens genitals that the female orgasm is an “echo” of the male orgasm. As better stated by evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould: “The clitoris is the homologue of the penis – it is the same organ, endowed with the same anatomical organization and capacity of response.” 因为男性和女性生殖器官生理上的相似点，通常认为，女性高潮是男性高潮的“回音”。生物进化学者Stephen Jay Gould更好的说明“阴蒂是阴茎的同源染色体-他们是同样的器官，具备同样的解剖学上的组织以及同样的回应能力。” On the plus side though, both sexes may experience a burst of creative thought, since orgasm produces activity in the right, creative-thinking side of the brain. 然而，从另一面来看，既然高潮发生在右大脑，充满创意点子的这边，那么两性都能够体验到创造性点子的忽然造访。 Bonus Time 特别指出 时间
Or more accurately, each gender’s perception of it. This was originally my number 1 spot but as a Google search shows, there hasn’t been much research done on the subject, so I wasn’t sure of the credibility of some of these facts. Commenters, feel free to tear this entry apart. But otherwise go ahead and indulge. 更准确的说，男性女性都感觉到它。这也原先是我在Google搜索的排在第一位的显示，没有很多的研究深入这个主题，所以我也不确定这些事实的可靠性。评论者，无所谓地把参与讨论的人撇开，但还有其他的人会继续深入并且沉溺其中。 In a 2001 study participants were asked to judge how much time had passed at an interval of 1, 3, 7 or 20 seconds. The results weren’t mind-blowing, but they showed that men regularly overshot the interval while women undershot. It also showed that the difference between sexes does not change with length of interval perceived. This could possibly purport that men feel time go by faster while women feel it goes by slower. 在2001年的一项研究中，参与者被要求在1秒，3秒和20秒之间判断时间过去了多久。结果并不让人释然，因为结果显示，男性通常超过了时间间隔，而女性则低估了时间间隔。还有的发现是，男性和女性的差异并不随着感知的时间间隔长度而变化。这可能的题中之义是，男性感觉时间过的快一些，而女性则感觉时间过得慢一些。 女性通过时间中的路标或者里程碑来确定时间中的点进而感知时间（比如，妈妈去世不久之后或者正值午饭时间），男性通过年份，日期或者发生的时间来感知。读者可能注意到，这和男性和女性在空间意识上的关系很相似。这也是某些事实，负责速度感知和旋转3D物体心智能力的小叶，也同样负责着对时间的感知。 |
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