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quotas 配额
limits on the amount of foreign goods that can be imported Rational expectations 理性预期 The theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future Real GDP 实际GDP The production of goods and services valued at constant prices Real exchange rate 实际汇率 The rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another Real interest rate 实际利率 The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation Real variables 实际变量 Variables measured in physical units Recession 衰退 A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment Regressive tax 累退税 A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers Reserve ratio 准备金率 The fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves Reserve requirements 法定准备金 Regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits Reserves 准备金 Deposits that banks have received but have not lent out Rivalness 竞争性 The property of a good that one person's use diminishes other people's use random walk 随机行走 a term used to describe the way prices of stock move, where the next movement cannot be predicted on the basis of previous movements rationing systems 配给制 ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons real balance effect 实际余额效应 as prices fall, the real value of people's money holdings increases, and they consume more real business-cycle theorists 实际经济周期理论家 a school of economists who contend that the economy's fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces real income 实际收入 income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money real product wage 实际产品工资 the wage divided by the price of the good being produced regulatory capture 管制俘虏 a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers relative performance compensation 相对表现补偿 pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority rent seeking 寻租 the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition revenue curve 收益曲线 the relationship between a firm's total output and its revenue revenues 收益 the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold right-to-work laws 工作权利法 laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment risk averse / loving / neutral 厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风险 given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk risk premium 风险收益 the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor Sacrifice ratio 牺牲率 The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point Scarcity 希缺性 The limited nature of society's resources Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本 The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings Stagflation 滞胀 A period of falling output and rising prices Stock 股票 A claim to partial ownership in a firm Store of value 价值储藏 An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future Strike 罢工 The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union Substitutes 替代品 Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good Substitution effect 替代效应 The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution Supply curve 供给曲线 A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied |
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