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Supply schedule 供给表 A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied screening 筛选 the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive shadow price 影子价格 the true social value of a resource signaling 信号 conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity slope 斜率 the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the "rise") by the change in the horizontal axis (the "run") Smith's "invisible hand" 斯密“看不见的手” the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an "invisible hand" smoothing consumption 均匀消费 consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption social marginal cost 社会边际成本 the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer socialism 社会主义 an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state soft budget constraints 软预算约束 budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses static expectations 静态预期 the belief of individuals that today's prices and wages are likely to continue into the future sticky prices 粘性价格 prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium |
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