【中文摘要】：饶平县的柘林湾是粤东有名的大规模养殖区。由于养殖业的快速发展以及陆源排污排废的影响，该海域富营养化问题日益突出，成为赤潮多发区，给当地渔业和生态环境造成了严重的危害。因此，掌握柘林湾各营养元素的来源、分布规律以及各物理、化学、生物因素之间的相关关系等十分必要。本研究于2001年7月～2002年7月对柘林湾及其湾外水域的大量营养盐、痕量元素及相关水化学指标进行了详细的周年调查。 调查期间，在柘林湾及其湾外水域共布设了19个测站，每月按大面采样站位和重点站位各现场调查一次，每次调查在高潮前后1.5～2h内完成。水样采集后立即用0.45μm的Millipore滤膜进行现场减压过滤，保温箱内低温保存，于2～3h内带回实验室进行测定。采用荷兰SKALAR自动分析仪进行无机氮、磷和溶解态总氮总磷的测定，用岛津UV-2501型紫外-可见分光光度计进行活性硅酸盐、溶解铁和叶绿素α含量的测定。用碱性高锰酸钾法测定化学耗氧量(COD)。用重量法测定悬浮物(TSM)。以3-邻甲基荧光素磷酸盐(3-o-methylfluorescein)为反应底物，用PerkinElmer LS55型荧光分光光度计测定碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase)活力。 柘林湾及其湾外附近海域大量营养盐(包括N、P和Si)的平面分布基本表现为湾内高于湾外，湾内外侧高于内侧，西部高于东部的基本格局。符合人口密集的半封闭近岸内湾的特征。与外界水体的交换能力、周边地区的陆源排污和湾内增养殖业的布局和品种结构是柘林湾营养盐平面分布格局的三个主要决定因素。 调查期间柘林湾及其湾外水域DIN、DIP和SiO_3-Si的年均值分别为27.38、1.26、44.06μmol／L。与上一调查年度的调查结果相比，氮的含量上升了20.9％，而磷、硅的含量则分别下降了35.4％和26.2％。由于气候反常和雨量减少引起的2002年春夏期间地表径流减少是海区P、Si含量显著下降的主要原因。DIN含量的上升则可能迎合了海湾普遍富氮的趋势。其中，NH_4-N的含量比上一年度上升了182％，与高温少雨加快了动植物尸体腐烂和排泄废物转化成NH_4-N的速度有关，而径流减弱又不利于NH_4-N的扩散。营养盐含量的改变引起营养盐结构的转变，以Dortch等(1992)和Justic(1995)提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准来衡量，调查海区最可能的生长限制因子由上一年度的纫 昙氮（41．8％）转变为本年度的磷（39．l％）。在这种情况下，一旦有高磷输入，就有可能引发赤潮。除营养盐可能对拓林湾浮游植物的生长起限制作用外，悬浮物引起的水体光线不足也可能是本年度浮游植物细胞数锐减的原因。 调查期间溶解态有机氮（DON）和有机磷（DOP）的周年平均值为 50．32 pmol／L和0．98 Pmol／L。DON和 DOP的来源除径流外，养殖废水的排放、养殖生物的代谢活动和浮游生物的排泄也起重要的影响。DON为溶解态氮（TDN）中主要存在形式（65．l％），而 DIN中以 NO3－N（49．7o）为主，NH4－N（44．8％）次之。溶解态总磷（TDP）则以DIP（5．l％）为主要存在形式。 调查期间拓林湾水域溶解铁（Fe）的周年平均值为 0．165 mglL，高于国内其他河口或海湾，拓林湾所在饶平地区有铁矿可能是溶解铁含量高的主要原因。拓林湾溶解铁的平面分布表现为湾外的含量高于湾内的分布规律，这与沉积物再悬浮有很大关系。浮游植物对铁的吸收减少，可能是导致本年度溶解铁含量高于上一年度的因素。 调查期间拓林湾水域碱性磷酸酶的平均活力为 0．2202 pg·din”’七”，位于三百门的 S。站碱性磷酸酶活力最低而湾外S19站碱性磷酸酶活力最高，无机磷酸盐与碱性磷酸酶活力呈显著的负相关关系，说明无机磷酸盐含量对碱性磷酸酶的活力起着调控作用。 用隶属度法对水体质量进行评价比较客观，是一种新的实用的评价方法。本文采用易被氧化物质的现存量的测定指标COD、DIN、DIP和生产力指标Chl作为海水富营养化程度的评价指标。用隶属度法对拓林湾水域进行评价的结果表明，拓林湾的营养现状己达中营养以上。湾内的富营养化程度高于湾外，湾内三百门S3站富营养程度最高。水体交换能力较弱、陆源排污排废严重和来自养殖业的二次污染是造成这种现状的主要原因。'
【英文摘要】：Zhelin Bay is a famous estuary for large-scale mariculture in the eastern Guangdong, China. With constantly increasing in fishery culture and nutrient input to the estuaries within decades, the ecological environment has been significantly changed, resulting in harmful algal blooms hitting this area frequently damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, It is necessary to find out the source and distribution rules of some important elements and the relationships between physical, chemical and biological factors. In the present study, I investigated the spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, trace element, Chl a, COD, TSM and alkaline phosphatase activity in Zhelin Bay from July 2001 to July 2002.Water sampals were collected from nineteen stations in Zhelin Bay twice each month. Sampling was scheduled to cover the period around high tide (±1.5 hr). Water samples were filtered with 0.45 μm Millipore filter in situ, and then transported by a cooler with ice to the laboratory within 2 hr. The inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed by the SKALAR Channel Seawater Segmented Flow Nutrient Analyzer. The SiO3-Si, Fe and Chl a were analyzed by the SHMADZU UV-2501 PC. Water samples were filtered with Whatman GF/C filter and analyzed by analytical balance (METTLER TOLEDOU) for the determination of total suspended material (TSM). Used alkali potassium permanganate to determinate COD. Alkaline phosphorus activity was determined with fluorometry (PerkinElmer LS55) by using 3-o-methylfluorescein phosphate (Sigma) as the substrate.In Zhelin Bay, the contents of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphorus (DIP) and silicate (SiO3-Si) decreased gradually from inside of the bay to outside of the bay, and were greater in outer and eastern boundaries of the bay than in inner and western boundaries. Such distribution pattern was mainly affected by the capacity of water exchange, sewage discharge from terrestrial, the distribution and species of mariculture.The annual average of DIN, DIP and SiO3-Si concentration were 27.38, 1.26, 44.06 μmol/L. Compared to the results of previous investigation in the same area (May 2000-May 2001), the concentration of nitrogen increased 20.9 %, while phosphate dropped 35.4 % andsilicate dropped 26.2 %. The decrease of phosphate and silicate was due to the reduction of river flux, which in turn resulted from the low precipitation in the spring of 2002 associated with the El Nino event in 2001-2002. Increase of DIN might be a kind of reflection of nitrogen enrichment in the world. However, NH4-N increased 182 % compared with the previous investigation, which was partly resulted from faster rates of bodies decomposed and excretion to aminated due to high temperature and low rainfall, and partly from slower dilution of NH4-N due to weaker river flux.The result also showed that phosphorus (39.1 %) was the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in Zhelin Bay during the present investigation, but the limiting factor was nitrogen (41.8 %) in the previous investigation. In such case, harmful algal blooms would break out if high phosphate was input. Expect for nutrients, TSM might be a factor to cause sharp decline of phytoplankton density in the present study.The annual average of dissolved organic nitrogen, phosphate (DON, DOP) concentration were 50.32 and 0.98 μmol/L. DON and DOP was mainly originated from Huanggang river, but discharge of mariculture waster and biological activity might also be important factors. DON occupied 65.1 % of TDN, and NO3-N, NH4-N occupied 49.7 % and 44.8 % of DIN, respectively. DIP occupied 56.1 % of TDP.The annual average of dissolved iron (Fe) was 0.165 mg/L, which much higher than those other estuaries in China. Iron ore located near Zhelin Bay might be the reason. Dissolved iron in Huanggang River and outside of the bay was higher than that inside of the bay, which might be affected by resuspending of sediments. Because the TSM outside of the bay was also higher
【英文摘要】：Zhelin Bay is a famous estuary for large-scale mariculture in the eastern Guangdong, China. With constantly increasing in fishery culture and nutrient input to the estuaries within decades, the ecological environment has been significantly changed, resulting in harmful algal blooms hitting this area frequently damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, It is necessary to find out the source and distribution rules of some important elements and the relationships between physical, chemical and biological factors. In the present study, I investigated the spatial and temporal distributions of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, trace element, Chl a, COD, TSM and alkaline phosphatase activity in Zhelin Bay from July 2001 to July 2002.Water sampals were collected from nineteen stations in Zhelin Bay twice each month. Sampling was scheduled to cover the period around high tide (±1.5 hr). Water samples were filtered with 0.45 μm Millipore filter in situ, and then transported by a cooler with ice to the laboratory within 2 hr. The inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed by the SKALAR Channel Seawater Segmented Flow Nutrient Analyzer. The SiO3-Si, Fe and Chl a were analyzed by the SHMADZU UV-2501 PC. Water samples were filtered with Whatman GF/C filter and analyzed by analytical balance (METTLER TOLEDOU) for the determination of total suspended material (TSM). Used alkali potassium permanganate to determinate COD. Alkaline phosphorus activity was determined with fluorometry (PerkinElmer LS55) by using 3-o-methylfluorescein phosphate (Sigma) as the substrate.In Zhelin Bay, the contents of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphorus (DIP) and silicate (SiO3-Si) decreased gradually from inside of the bay to outside of the bay, and were greater in outer and eastern boundaries of the bay than in inner and western boundaries. Such distribution pattern was mainly affected by the capacity of water exchange, sewage discharge from terrestrial, the distribution and species of mariculture.The annual average of DIN, DIP and SiO3-Si concentration were 27.38, 1.26, 44.06 μmol/L. Compared to the results of previous investigation in the same area (May 2000-May 2001), the concentration of nitrogen increased 20.9 %, while phosphate dropped 35.4 % andsilicate dropped 26.2 %. The decrease of phosphate and silicate was due to the reduction of river flux, which in turn resulted from the low precipitation in the spring of 2002 associated with the El Nino event in 2001-2002. Increase of DIN might be a kind of reflection of nitrogen enrichment in the world. However, NH4-N increased 182 % compared with the previous investigation, which was partly resulted from faster rates of bodies decomposed and excretion to aminated due to high temperature and low rainfall, and partly from slower dilution of NH4-N due to weaker river flux.The result also showed that phosphorus (39.1 %) was the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in Zhelin Bay during the present investigation, but the limiting factor was nitrogen (41.8 %) in the previous investigation. In such case, harmful algal blooms would break out if high phosphate was input. Expect for nutrients, TSM might be a factor to cause sharp decline of phytoplankton density in the present study.The annual average of dissolved organic nitrogen, phosphate (DON, DOP) concentration were 50.32 and 0.98 μmol/L. DON and DOP was mainly originated from Huanggang river, but discharge of mariculture waster and biological activity might also be important factors. DON occupied 65.1 % of TDN, and NO3-N, NH4-N occupied 49.7 % and 44.8 % of DIN, respectively. DIP occupied 56.1 % of TDP.The annual average of dissolved iron (Fe) was 0.165 mg/L, which much higher than those other estuaries in China. Iron ore located near Zhelin Bay might be the reason. Dissolved iron in Huanggang River and outside of the bay was higher than that inside of the bay, which might be affected by resuspending of sediments. Because the TSM outside of the bay was also higher
