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疏-离 2010-10-19

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Ibid.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Ibid" redirects here. For other uses, see Ibid (disambiguation).

Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation.^[1] To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.

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[edit] Example

^4 E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23.
^5 Ibid.
^6 Ibid., p. 29.
^7 The Necronomicon.
^8 Ibid. 4, at 34

The reference, ⁵, is the same as ⁴: E. Vijh, Latin for dummies on page 23, whereas the reference, ⁶, refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as ⁸. Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage.