分享

SQLite嵌入式数据库

 dengxianzhi 2010-10-23
 
 
一、SQLite简介
 
在Android平台上,集成了一个嵌入式关系型数据库—SQLite,SQLite3支持 NULL、INTEGER、REAL(浮点数字)、TEXT(字符串文本)和BLOB(二进制对象)数据类型,虽然它支持的类型虽然只有五种,但实际上sqlite3也接受varchar(n)、char(n)、decimal(p,s)等数据类型,只不过在运算或保存时会转成对应的五种数据类型。 SQLite最大的特点是你可以保存任何类型的数据到任何字段中,无论这列声明的数据类型是什么。例如:可以在Integer字段中存放字符串,或者在布尔型字段中存放浮点数,或者在字符型字段中存放日期型值。 但有一种情况例外:定义为INTEGER PRIMARY KEY的字段只能存储64位整数, 当向这种字段中保存除整数以外的数据时,将会产生错误。另外, SQLite 在解析CREATE TABLE 语句时,会忽略 CREATE TABLE 语句中跟在字段名后面的数据类型信息。
 
二、SQLite的CURD
     
Android提供了一个名为SQLiteDatabase的类,该类封装了一些操作数据库的API,使用该类可以完成对数据进行添加(Create)、查询(Retrieve)、更新(Update)和删除(Delete)操作(这些操作简称为CRUD)。对SQLiteDatabase的学习,我们应该重点掌握execSQL()和rawQuery()方法。 execSQL()方法可以执行insert、delete、update和CREATE TABLE之类有更改行为的SQL语句; rawQuery()方法可以执行select语句。SQLiteDatabase还专门提供了对应于添加、删除、更新、查询的操作方法:insert()、delete()、update()和query() 。这些方法实际上是给那些不太了解SQL语法的菜鸟使用的,对于熟悉SQL语法的程序员而言,直接使用execSQL()和rawQuery()方法执行SQL语句就能完成数据的添加、删除、更新、查询操作。
 
三、SQLite的事务管理
     
使用SQLiteDatabase的beginTransaction()方法可以开启一个事务,程序执行到endTransaction() 方法时会检查事务的标志是否为成功,如果为成功则提交事务,否则回滚事务。当应用需要提交事务,必须在程序执行到endTransaction()方法之前使用setTransactionSuccessful() 方法设置事务的标志为成功,如果不调用setTransactionSuccessful() 方法,默认会回滚事务。
 
三、SQLite创建、更新数据表
     
如果应用使用到了SQLite数据库,在用户初次使用软件时,需要创建应用使用到的数据库表结构及添加一些初始化记录,另外在软件升级的时候,也需要对数据表结构进行更新。在Android系统,为我们提供了一个名为SQLiteOpenHelper的类,该类用于对数据库版本进行管理,该类是一个抽象类,必须继承它才能使用。为了实现对数据库版本进行管理,SQLiteOpenHelper类有两种重要的方法,分别是onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db)和onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion)
 
当调用SQLiteOpenHelper的getWritableDatabase()或者getReadableDatabase()方法获取用于操作数据库的SQLiteDatabase实例的时候,如果数据库不存在,Android系统会自动生成一个数据库,接着调用onCreate()方法,onCreate()方法在初次生成数据库时才会被调用,在onCreate()方法里可以生成数据库表结构及添加一些应用使用到的初始化数据。onUpgrade()方法在数据库的版本发生变化时会被调用,数据库的版本是由程序员控制的,假设数据库现在的版本是1,由于业务的需要,修改了数据库表的结构,这时候就需要升级软件,升级软件时希望更新用户手机里的数据库表结构,为了实现这一目的,可以把原来的数据库版本设置为2(或其他数值),并且在onUpgrade()方法里面实现表结构的更新。当软件的版本升级次数比较多,这时在onUpgrade()方法里面可以根据原版号和目标版本号进行判断,然后作出相应的表结构及数据更新。
 
getWritableDatabase()和getReadableDatabase()方法都可以获取一个用于操作数据库的SQLiteDatabase实例。但getWritableDatabase() 方法以读写方式打开数据库,一旦数据库的磁盘空间满了,数据库就只能读而不能写,倘若使用的是getWritableDatabase() 方法就会出错。getReadableDatabase()方法先以读写方式打开数据库,如果数据库的磁盘空间满了,就会打开失败,当打开失败后会继续尝试以只读方式打开数据库。
 
四、SQLite示例程序
我们编写一个对表(Contacts)进行的操作来演示SQLite的应用。
 
       1.创建Android工程
Project name: AndroidSQLite
       BuildTarget:Android2.1
       Application name: SQLite嵌入式数据库
       Package name: com.changcheng.sqlite
       Create Activity: AndroidSQLite
       Min SDK Version:7
 
       2. Contact实体
package com.changcheng.sqlite.entity;
 
public class Contact {
         private Integer _id;
         private String name;
         private String phone;
       
         public Contact() {
                   super();
         }
 
         public Contact(String name, String phone) {
                   this.name = name;
                   this.phone = phone;
         }
 
         public Integer get_id() {
                   return _id;
         }
 
         public void set_id(Integer id) {
                   _id = id;
         }
 
         public String getName() {
                   return name;
         }
 
         public void setName(String name) {
                   this.name = name;
         }
 
         public String getPhone() {
                   return phone;
         }
 
         public void setPhone(String phone) {
                   this.phone = phone;
         }
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
                   return "Contants [id=" + _id + ", name=" + name + ", phone=" + phone
                                     + "]";
         }
}
 
 
       3.编写MyOpenHelper类
       MyOpenHelper继承自SQLiteOpenHelper类。我们需要创建数据表,必须重写onCreate(更新时重写onUpgrade方法)方法,在这个方法中创建数据表。
package com.changcheng.sqlite;
 
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
 
public class MyOpenHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
 
         private static final String name = "contants"; // 数据库名称
         private static final int version = 1; // 数据库版本
 
         public MyOpenHelper(Context context) {
                   /**
                    * CursorFactory指定在执行查询时获得一个游标实例的工厂类。 设置为null,则使用系统默认的工厂类。
                    */
                   super(context, name, null, version);
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
                   // 创建contacts表,SQL表达式时提供的字段类型和长度仅为提高代码的可读性。
                   db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS contacts("
                                     + "_id integer primary key autoincrement,"
                                     + "name varchar(20)," + "phone varchar(50))");
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
                   // 仅演示用,所以先删除表然后再创建。
                   db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS contacts");
                   this.onCreate(db);
         }
}
 
 
4.编写ContactsService类
       ContactsService类主要实现对业务逻辑和数据库的操作。
package com.changcheng.sqlite.service;
 
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.Cursor;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.MyOpenHelper;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.entity.Contact;
 
public class ContactsService {
 
         private MyOpenHelper openHelper;
 
         public ContactsService(Context context) {
                   this.openHelper = new MyOpenHelper(context);
         }
 
         /**
          * 保存
          *
          * @param contact
          */
         public void save(Contact contact) {
                   String sql = "INSERT INTO contacts (name, phone) VALUES (?, ?)";
                   Object[] bindArgs = { contact.getName(), contact.getPhone() };
                   this.openHelper.getWritableDatabase().execSQL(sql, bindArgs);
         }
 
         /**
          * 查找
          *
          * @param id
          * @return
          */
         public Contact find(Integer id) {
                   String sql = "SELECT _id,name, phone FROM contacts WHERE _id=?";
                   String[] selectionArgs = { id + "" };
                   Cursor cursor = this.openHelper.getReadableDatabase().rawQuery(sql,
                                     selectionArgs);
                   if (cursor.moveToFirst())
                            return new Contact(cursor.getInt(0), cursor.getString(1), cursor
                                               .getString(2));
                   return null;
         }
 
         /**
          * 更新
          *
          * @param contact
          */
         public void update(Contact contact) {
                   String sql = "UPDATE contacts SET name=?, phone=? WHERE _id=?";
                   Object[] bindArgs = { contact.getName(), contact.getPhone(),
                                     contact.get_id() };
                   this.openHelper.getWritableDatabase().execSQL(sql, bindArgs);
         }
 
         /**
          * 删除
          *
          * @param id
          */
         public void delete(Integer id) {
                   String sql = "DELETE FROM contacts WHERE _id=?";
                   Object[] bindArgs = { id };
                   this.openHelper.getReadableDatabase().execSQL(sql, bindArgs);
         }
 
         /**
          * 获取记录数量
          *
          * @return
          */
         public long getCount() {
                   String sql = "SELECT count(*) FROM contacts";
                   Cursor cursor = this.openHelper.getReadableDatabase().rawQuery(sql,
                                     null);
                   cursor.moveToFirst();
                   return cursor.getLong(0);
         }
 
         /**
          * 获取分页数据
          *
          * @param startIndex
          * @param maxCount
          * @return
          */
         public List<Contact> getScrollData(long startIndex, long maxCount) {
                   String sql = "SELECT _id,name,phone FROM contacts LIMIT ?,?";
                   String[] selectionArgs = { String.valueOf(startIndex),
                                     String.valueOf(maxCount) };
                   Cursor cursor = this.openHelper.getReadableDatabase().rawQuery(sql,
                                     selectionArgs);
                   List<Contact> contacts = new ArrayList<Contact>();
                   while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
                            Contact contact = new Contact(cursor.getInt(0),
                                               cursor.getString(1), cursor.getString(2));
                            contacts.add(contact);
                   }
                   return contacts;
         }
 
         /**
          * 获取分页数据,提供给SimpleCursorAdapter使用。
          *
          * @param startIndex
          * @param maxCount
          * @return
          */
         public Cursor getScrollDataCursor(long startIndex, long maxCount) {
                   String sql = "SELECT _id,name,phone FROM contacts LIMIT ?,?";
                   String[] selectionArgs = { String.valueOf(startIndex),
                                     String.valueOf(maxCount) };
                   Cursor cursor = this.openHelper.getReadableDatabase().rawQuery(sql,
                                     selectionArgs);
                   return cursor;
         }
}
 
 
       5.编写测试类
       编写一个针对ContactsService的测试类,测试ContactsService类中的各个方法是否正确。
package com.changcheng.sqlite.test;
 
import java.util.List;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.MyOpenHelper;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.entity.Contact;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.service.ContactsService;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.test.AndroidTestCase;
import android.util.Log;
 
public class ContactsServiceTest extends AndroidTestCase {
 
         private static final String TAG = "ContactsServiceTest";
 
         // 测试创建表
         public void testCreateTable() throws Throwable {
                   MyOpenHelper openHelper = new MyOpenHelper(this.getContext());
                   openHelper.getWritableDatabase();
         }
 
         // 测试save
         public void testSave() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   Contact contact1 = new Contact(null, "tom", "13898679876");
                   Contact contact2 = new Contact(null, "lili", "13041094909");
                   Contact contact3 = new Contact(null, "jack", "13504258899");
                   Contact contact4 = new Contact(null, "heary", "1335789789");
                   contactsService.save(contact1);
                   contactsService.save(contact2);
                   contactsService.save(contact3);
                   contactsService.save(contact4);
         }
 
         // 测试find
         public void testFind() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   Contact contact = contactsService.find(1);
                   Log.i(TAG, contact.toString());
         }
 
         // 测试update
         public void testUpdate() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   Contact contact = contactsService.find(1);
                   contact.setPhone("1399889955");
                   contactsService.update(contact);
         }
 
         // 测试getCount
         public void testGetCount() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   Log.i(TAG, contactsService.getCount() + "");
         }
 
         // 测试getScrollData
         public void testGetScrollData() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   List<Contact> contacts = contactsService.getScrollData(0, 3);
                   Log.i(TAG, contacts.toString());
         }
       
         // 测试getScrollDataCursor
         public void testGetScrollDataCursor() throws Throwable {
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this.getContext());
                   Cursor cursor = contactsService.getScrollDataCursor(0, 3);
                   while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
                            Contact contact = new Contact(cursor.getInt(0),
                                               cursor.getString(1), cursor.getString(2));
                            Log.i(TAG, contact.toString());
                   }
         }
 
}
 
       启用测试功能,不要忘记在AndroidManifest.xml文件中加入测试环境。为application元素添加一个子元素:<uses-library android:name="android.test.runner"/>,为application元素添加一个兄弟元素:<instrumentation android:name="android.test.InstrumentationTestRunner"     android:targetPackage="com.changcheng.sqlite" android:label="Tests for My App" />。
 
       SQLite数据库以单个文件存储,就像微软的Access数据库。有一个查看SQLite数据库文件的工具——SQLite Developer,我们可以使用它来查看数据库。Android将创建的数据库存放在”/data/data/ com.changcheng.sqlite/databases/contacts”,我们将它导出然后使用SQLite Developer打开。
 
       6.分页显示数据
       我们在ContactsService类中,提供了一个获取分页数据的方法。我们将调用它获取的数据,使用ListView组件显示出来。
 
       编辑mail.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas./apk/res/android"
         android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="fill_parent"
         android:layout_height="fill_parent">
         <!-- ListView -->
         <ListView android:layout_width="fill_parent"
                   android:layout_height="fill_parent" android:id="@+id/listView" />
 
</LinearLayout>
 
 
在mail.xml所在目录里添加一个contactitem.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas./apk/res/android"
         android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content">
 
         <!-- contact.id -->
         <TextView android:layout_width="30dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                   android:textSize="20sp" android:id="@+id/tv_id" />
 
         <!-- contact.name -->
         <TextView android:layout_width="150dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                   android:textSize="20sp" android:layout_toRightOf="@id/tv_id"
                   android:layout_alignTop="@id/tv_id" android:id="@+id/tv_name" />
 
         <!-- contact.phone -->
         <TextView android:layout_width="150dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
                   android:textSize="20sp" android:layout_toRightOf="@id/tv_name"
                   android:layout_alignTop="@id/tv_name" android:id="@+id/tv_phone" />
 
</RelativeLayout>
 
 
 
       编辑AndroidSQLite类:
package com.changcheng.sqlite;
 
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.R;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.entity.Contact;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.service.ContactsService;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.SimpleAdapter;
import android.widget.Toast;
import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemClickListener;
 
public class AndroidSQLite extends Activity {
         /** Called when the activity is first created. */
         @Override
         public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
                   super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
                   setContentView(R.layout.main);
                   // 获取分页数据
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this);
                   List<Contact> contacts = contactsService.getScrollData(0, 3);
                   // 获取ListView
                   ListView lv = (ListView) this.findViewById(R.id.listView);
                   // 生成List<? extends Map<String, ?>>数据
                   List<HashMap<String, Object>> data = new ArrayList<HashMap<String, Object>>();
                   for (Contact contact : contacts) {
                            HashMap<String, Object> item = new HashMap<String, Object>();
                            item.put("_id", contact.get_id());
                            item.put("name", contact.getName());
                            item.put("phone", contact.getPhone());
                            data.add(item);
                   }
                   // 生成Adapter
                   SimpleAdapter adapter = new SimpleAdapter(this, data,
                                     R.layout.contactitem, new String[] { "_id", "name", "phone" },
                                     new int[] { R.id.tv_id, R.id.tv_name, R.id.tv_phone });
                   // 设置ListView适配器
                   lv.setAdapter(adapter);
                 
                   // 为ListView添加事件
                   lv.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
 
                            @Override
                            public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view,
                                               int position, long id) {
                                     HashMap<String, Object> item = (HashMap<String, Object>) parent
                                                        .getItemAtPosition((int) id);
                                     Toast.makeText(AndroidSQLite.this, item.get("name").toString(),
                                                        1).show();
                            }
 
                   });
         }
}
 
 
上面编写的分页显示数据比较麻烦,Android为我们提供了一个SimpleCursorAdapter类。使用它可以方便的显示分页数据。将AndroidSQLite类修改为:
     
package com.changcheng.sqlite;
 
import com.changcheng.sqlite.R;
import com.changcheng.sqlite.service.ContactsService;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.SimpleCursorAdapter;
 
public class AndroidSQLite extends Activity {
         /** Called when the activity is first created. */
         @Override
         public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
                   super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
                   setContentView(R.layout.main);
 
                   // 获取分页数据
                   ContactsService contactsService = new ContactsService(this);
                   Cursor cursor = contactsService.getScrollDataCursor(0, 3);
                   // 获取ListView
                   ListView lv = (ListView) this.findViewById(R.id.listView);
                   // 创建Adapter
                   SimpleCursorAdapter adapter = new SimpleCursorAdapter(this,
                                     R.layout.contactitem, cursor, new String[] { "_id", "name",
                                                        "phone" }, new int[] { R.id.tv_id, R.id.tv_name,
                                                        R.id.tv_phone });
                   // 设置ListView适配器
                   lv.setAdapter(adapter);
 
                   // 为ListView添加事件
                   lv.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
 
                            @Override
                            public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view,
                                               int position, long id) {
                                     Cursor cursor = (Cursor) parent
                                                        .getItemAtPosition((int) position);
                                     Toast.makeText(AndroidSQLite.this, cursor.getString(1), 1)
                                                        .show();
                            }
                   });
         }
}
 

本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/romanticlife/archive/2010/03/01/5337187.aspx

    本站是提供个人知识管理的网络存储空间,所有内容均由用户发布,不代表本站观点。请注意甄别内容中的联系方式、诱导购买等信息,谨防诈骗。如发现有害或侵权内容,请点击一键举报。
    转藏 分享 献花(0

    0条评论

    发表

    请遵守用户 评论公约

    类似文章 更多