Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator.
In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (named after Leonard Ornstein and George Eugene Uhlenbeck), is a stochastic process that, roughly speaking, describes the velocity of a massive Brownian particle under the influence of friction. The process is stationary, Gaussian, and Markov, and is the only nontrivial process that satisfies these three conditions, up to allowing linear transformations of the space and time variables.[1] Over time, the process tends to drift towards its long-term mean: such a process is called mean-reverting. The process x t satisfies the following stochastic differential equation: where θ > 0, μ and σ > 0 are parameters and Wt denotes the Wiener process.
[edit] Application in physical sciencesThe Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a prototype of a noisy relaxation process. Consider for example a Hookean spring with spring constant k whose dynamics is highly overdamped with friction coefficient γ. In the presence of thermal fluctuations with temperature T, the length x(t) of the spring will fluctuate stochastically around the spring rest length x0; its stochastic dynamic is described by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with: In physical sciences, the stochastic differential equation of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is rewritten as a Langevin equation where ξ(t) is white Gaussian noise with . At equilibrium, the spring stores an average energy in accordance with the equipartition theorem. [edit] Application in financial mathematicsThe Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is one of several approaches used to model (with modifications) interest rates, currency exchange rates, and commodity prices stochastically. The parameter μ represents the equilibrium or mean value supported by fundamentals; σ the degree of volatility around it caused by shocks, and θ the rate by which these shocks dissipate and the variable reverts towards the mean. One application of the process is a trading strategy pairs trade.[2][3] [edit] Mathematical propertiesThe Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is an example of a Gaussian process that has a bounded variance and admits a stationary probability distribution, in contrast to the Wiener process; the difference between the two is in their "drift" term. For the Wiener process the drift term is constant, whereas for the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process it is dependent on the current value of the process: if the current value of the process is less than the (long-term) mean, the drift will be positive; if the current value of the process is greater than the (long-term) mean, the drift will be negative. In other words, the mean acts as an equilibrium level for the process. This gives the process its informative name, "mean-reverting." The stationary (long-term) variance is given by The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is the continuous-time analogue of the discrete-time AR(1) process. [edit] SolutionThis equation is solved by variation of parameters. Apply Itō–Doeblin's formula to the function to get Integrating from 0 to t we get whereupon we see Thus, the first moment is given by (assuming that x0 is a constant) We can use the Itō isometry to calculate the covariance function by Thus if s < t (so that min(s, t) = s), then we have [edit] Alternative representationIt is also possible (and often convenient) to represent xt (unconditionally, i.e. as ) as a scaled time-transformed Wiener process: or conditionally (given x0) as The time integral of this process can be used to generate noise with a 1/ƒ power spectrum. [edit] Scaling limit interpretationThe Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process can be interpreted as a scaling limit of a discrete process, in the same way that Brownian motion is a scaling limit of random walks. Consider an urn containing n blue and yellow balls. At each step a ball is chosen at random and replaced by a ball of the opposite colour. Let Xn be the number of blue balls in the urn after n steps. Then converges to a Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process as n tends to infinity. [edit] Fokker–Planck equation representationThe probability density function ƒ(x, t) of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process satisfies the Fokker–Planck equation The stationary solution of this equation is a Gaussian distribution with mean μ and variance σ2 / (2θ) [edit] GeneralizationsIt is possible to extend the OU processes to processes where the background driving process is a Lévy process. These processes are widely studied by Ole Barndorff-Nielsen and Neil Shephard and others. In addition, processes are used in finance where the volatility increases for larger values of X. In particular, the CKLS (Chan-Karolyi-Longstaff-Sanders) process[4] with the volatility term replaced by can be solved in closed form for γ = 1 / 2 or 1, as well as for γ = 0, which corresponds to the conventional OU process. [edit] See also
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