初中英语疑难例析300例 (211---226)211.bed 前用介词和冠词有何习惯例 a.It is a bad habit to read ____ bed. b.It is a bad habit to read ____ the bed. A.in,in B.on,on C.in,on D.on,in 此题应选C,容易误选A,B。关于bed(床)这个词,要特别注意它与冠词和介词连用的情况: 1.一般说来,表示与“睡觉”这一概念有关时,通常不用冠词或其它限定词,反之则用: It is too early for bed.现在睡觉太早了。 He went to bed at ten last night.他昨晚10 点上床睡觉。 He went to the bed and found a letter on it. 他走到床边,发现上面放着一封信。 He sat by the bed,watching TV.他坐在床边看电视。 2.与介词in 连用时,习惯上不用冠词;而与介词on 连用时,习惯上要有冠词: He is still in bed.他还在睡觉。 He is sick in bed with a cold.他因感冒而卧床。 There is a box on the bed.床上有个盒子。 有时两者都可以用,只是搭配不同而已: 躺在床上看书是个坏习惯。 正:It is a bad habit to read in bed. 正:It is a bad habit to read on a[the]bed. 3.与介词into,out of 等连用时也通常不用冠词: He got into bed quickly.他很快上了床。 He jumped out of bed as soon as he heard the bell. 他一听到铃声就跳下了床。 212.否定转移及其它 例 I ____ he won't come to the party. A.hope B.think C.believe D.suppose 此题应选A,其余几项欠妥。这里涉及否定转移问题: 1.当I(We)think(believe,suppose)之后的that 从句是一个否定式句时,通常要将否定转移到主句: We don't think he is wrong.我们认为他没有错。 I don't believe he is a thief.我相信他不是贼。 有人认为,以上结构若把否定放在从句上,从语法角度看也没有错,只是语气比较生硬,所以人们习惯上不那样用。 2.动词hope 与上面提到的think,believe,suppose 等的用法刚好相反,当I hope 后接一个否定的从句时,则其否定词习惯上要放在从句上,而不放在主句上。 我希望他不来。 正:I hope that he won't come. 误:I don't hope that he will come. 我希望她不会讨厌这些花。 正:I hope she doesn't dislike the flowers. 误:I don't hope she dislikes the flowers. 3.在简略的否定答语中,也要分两种情况: 1)对于think,believe,suppose 等,通常有两种情况: —Is it raining this evening?今晚会下雨吗? —I don't suppise so/I suppose not.我看不会。 2)对于hope,只有一种情况: —Will he come?他会来吗? —I hope not.我希望他不来。(误:I don't hope so.) 213.“瞎眼”和“跛脚”,表达习惯如何 例 Which is right? A.His left eye is blind. B.He is blind to the left eye. C.He is blind in the left eye. D.He is blind with the left eye. 此题应选C。容易误选A。 按英语习惯:表示“眼瞎”这一意义时,一般不以眼睛(eye)作主语,而是以人或动物作主语,并在形容词blind 之后用介词in/of: 他双目失明。 正:He is blind in[of]both eyes. 误:His eyes are blind. 误:He is blind with both eyes. 这只猫右眼是瞎的。 正:The cat is blind in the right eye. 误:The cat's right eye is blind. 类似地,表示“跛脚”或“瘸脚”时,一般不以leg,foot 等作主语,而要以人或动物作主语,并在形容词lame 后用介词in[of]: 这匹马左脚是跛的。 正:The horse is lame in the left foot. 误:The horse's left foot is lame. 他有一只脚是跛的。 正:He is lame in[of]one leg. 误:One of his legs is lame. 误:He is lame with one leg. 214.能按汉语直译“我工作忙”吗 例 —Can you go with us? —I'm afraid not. ____ too busy. A.My work is B.My study is C.My things are D.I'm 此题应选D。其余三项均容易被误选。 按照汉语习惯,我们经常说:我工作很忙,我的事很忙,我的学习很忙等,但是在英美人看来,“忙”的不是“工作”或“学习”等,而是“人”,即是“人”忙,所以要表示以上意思,按照英语的习惯只需说I'm busy 就行了,若非要具体表明是忙于做某事,则可用类似以下这样的表达: I'm busy with[at,over]my work.我工作很忙。 He's busy preparing for it.他在忙于为此作准备。 类例: 我的身体很好。 正:I'm healthy/I'm in good health/I'm well. 误:My body is good/My body is healthy. 谁教你们的英语? 正:Who teaches you English? 误:Who teaches your English? 鸡蛋价格很贵。 正:The eggs are expensive. 正:The price of eggs is high. 误:The price of eggs is expensive. 215.“看书”不能用look at 吗 例 a.I've ____ your book with pleasure. b.Students must not ____ their books while having an exam. A.read,read B.looked at,looked at C.read,looked at D.looked at,read 此题应选C。容易误选A,这要从英语对“读书”和“看书”的表达习惯说起: 汉语的“看书”和“读书”,其实有两层含义: 1.指阅读性地“看书”或“读书”,此时一般是用动词read: He has read through all these books.他已通读了所有这些书。 When I entered,he was reading a book.我进来时他正在看书。 I've read your book with pleasure.我已高兴地拜读了你的大作。 2.不指阅读性地“看书”,而只是大概地看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句等,或者是考试时偷看书本等,此时通常用look at,see 等: Can I look at those books?我可以看看那些书吗? He demanded to see my books.他要求看看我的书。 Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。 Students must not look at their books during examinations. 学生考试时不准看书。 216.“下雨”和“下雪”可用weather 作主语吗 例 a. ____ is cold here. b. ____ is going to rain. A.It,That B.The weather,The weather C.That,That D.The weather,It 此题应选D。容易误选B。 按照英语的表达习惯:表示“下雨”、“下雪”等自然现象时,一般用it 作主语,而不能用the weather: 要下雨了。 正:It's going to rain. 误:The weather is going to rain. 昨夜下了雪。 正:It snowed last night. 误:The weather snowed last night. 但是若表示天气的冷暖等,句子主语用it,the weather 均可: 天气热起来了。 正:It is getting very hot. 正:The weather is getting very hot. 北京冬天很冷。 正:It is cold in Beijing in winter. 正:The weather of Beijing is cold in winter. 类似地,表示“吹风”时,其主语可以是it 或the wind,但是不能以the wind 作blow 的宾语: 今晚吹着大风。 正:The wind[It]is blowing hard tonight. 误:It is blowing wind hard tonight. 217.可用come 表示“去”吗 例 —Would you ____ here a moment,Mary? —OK,I'm ____ . A.go,going B.come,coming C.go,coming D.come,going 此题应选B。容易误选D。 在一般情况下,“来”用come,“去”用go,英语和汉语的使用习惯是一致的。但也有不一致的地方: 1.表示到对方那儿去,一般要用come(即使这种运动方向本身要求用go): 1)—Please come at once.Dinner is ready.晚餐准备好了,请快来。 —OK,I'm coming.好,我就来。 (若用Oh,I'm going.对方可能会理解为“噢,我要出去。”) 2)—Will you come to see me tonight?今晚来玩吗? —Yes,I will come.好,我来。 2.邀请对方一起去某地,多用come(有时也用go): 3)Won't you come[go]with us?你不和我们一起去吗? 4)We're going to the cinema tonight.Would you like to come(with us)? 今天晚上我们去看电影,你愿意一起去吗? 3.表示“我同你一起去”这样的意义时,用come 或go 均可以: 5)All right.I will come[go]with you.好吧,我同你一起去。 218.这些表达的词序能倒过来吗 例 a.The villagers supplied us with ____ . b.Both ____ are interested in such things. A.food and drink,rich and poor B.drink and food,rich and poor C.food and drink,poor and rich D.drink and food,poor and rich 此题应选A。容易误选D。主要是受汉语词序习惯的影响——“饮食”和“贫富”。 关于这个问题,要注意以下几点: 1.某些用and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序相反,不要按汉语词序颠倒过来: rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆 right and left 左右 north and south 南北 food and drink 饮食 food and clothing 衣食 以下各表达,通常也不能倒过来: now and then 不时,时时 heart and soul 全心全意地 men and women 男女 husband and wife 夫妻 Mr and Mrs Smith 史密斯夫妇 ladies and gentlemen 各位女士,各位先生 2.某些用and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序可以相同也可以相反(即词序可以颠倒过来): day and night/night and day 日夜 old and young/young and old 老少 219.这些形容词有比较等级吗,能受very 修饰吗 例 a.His work is ____ perfect in every way. b.He is a ____ complete stranger to me. A.very,very B.×,× C.×,very D.very,× 此题应选B。其余几项都可能被误选。在英语中,有些形容词和副词,从词义上看,由于它已含有“极”、“最”这样的极限意义,所以它们习惯上不再用very 修饰,也通常没有比较等级。常见的这类词语有: 1.形容词:total,complete,perfect,entire,utter,absolute,extreme 等。 他是个十足的大傻瓜。 正:He is a complete fool. 误:He is a very complete fool. 他是位十分优秀的老师。 正:He is a perfect teacher. 正:He is a very good teacher. 误:He is a very perfect teacher. 2.副词:perfectly,completely,entirely,extremely,utterly,absolutely,totally 等。 他的工作干得十分出色。 正:He did his work perfectly. 正:He did his work very well. 误:He did his work very perfectly. 220.examination 的习惯搭配 例 He ____ the college entrance examinations but didn't ____it. A.took,pass B.took part in,pass C.took,cross D.took part in,cross 此题应选A。容易误选B。关于这个问题,考生要注意以下搭配: 1.有的考生根据take part in(参加某一活动)和join(加入某一组织,并成为其中的一成员)这一区别,推出“参加考试”是用动词take part in。其实按照英语习惯,“参加考试”既不用join,也不用take part in,而是用take: He was ill and didn't take the examination. 他病了,没有参加这次考试。 Millions and millions of students take the college entrance examinations every year. 每年都有成千上万的学生参加高考。 2.表示“通过考试”或“考试及格”,英语习惯上用动词pass,而不用cross: He didn't study hard,so he didn't pass the exam. 他学习不努力,所以考试没有及格。 3.表示“考试不及格'或“没有通过考试”,英语习惯上用动词fail(in),当然也可以用pass 的否定式: He failed(in)the maths exam again. 他这次数学考试又没有及格。 About half of the students didn't pass the exam. 这次考试中大约有一半学生没及格。 221.这个物主代词省去吗 例 When I told him the news,he smiled and shook ____ head. A.the B.his C.a D.× 此题应选B。容易误选D。因为按照汉语习惯,通常只说“摇头”,而不说“摇他的头”。 在汉语中,像“我的”、“你的”这类词有时可以省略,但在英语中,这类相应的物主代词却通常不宜省略: 有问题请举手。 正:Put up your hands if you have any questions. 误:Put up hands if you have any questions. 他切伤了手指。 正:He had his finger cut. 误:He had finger cut. 他拿起帽子就走出了房间。 正:He picked up his cap and left the room. 误:He picked up cap and left the room. 别把手放在口袋里。 正:Don't put your hands in your pockets. 误:Don't put hands in pockets. 有时英语中也可以省略物主代词: 他来时,我正在吃早餐。 正:When he came,I was having breakfast. 正:When he came,I was having my breakfast. 但是有时物主代词的有无,会产生语义上的差异: lose heart 灰心 lose one's heart(to)倾心于(某人),爱上(某人) 222.你知道人称代词的排列习惯 例 ____ are of the same age. A.You,he and I B.I,you and he C.I,he and you D.He,I and you 此题应选A。其余都可能被误选。关于人称代词的排列,这是一个比较复杂的问题,有时可能根据不同的语境或说话的强调点等的不同,而有所变化。但是作为一般的原则,以下几点排列习惯是英语学习者要注意的: 1.单数人称代词的排列,通常是二、三、一: You,he and I are all middle school students. 你,他和我都是中学生。 They will come to see you,Jim and me off. 他们要来为你,吉姆和我送行。 2.复数人称代词的排列,通常是一、二、三: We,you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。 We,you and they can go together. 我们,你们和他们可以一起去。 3.第三人称单数男女并排时,通常是男先女后: Nobody wanted to go except him and her. 除了他和她外,没有一个人想去。 4.当要承担责任或涉及不好事件时,通常是一、三、二: I,he and you will be punished for doing that. 我,他和你都要因做这事而受惩罚。 I,he and you made the mistakes. 这些错误是我,他和你犯下的。 223.“名词 +to do”还是“名词 +of doing” 例 a.He is in danger ____ his life. b.You should have the courage ____ that you are wrong. A.to lose,to say B.of losing,of saying C.to lose,of saying D.of losing,to say 此题应选D。其余几项均有可能被选错。 英语中有些名词,当要后接动词,表示“......的”这样的意思时,按照各词的搭配习惯,有的名词后要接不定式,有的名词后要接of +动名词,而有的则用两种结构都可以。 1.通常可接不定式(作定语)的名词有:time(时间),wish(想法),courage(勇气),decision(决定),ambition(雄 心)等: It's time to go to bed.是睡觉的时候了。 I have no wish to go.我不想去。 2.通常可接of + 动名词(作定语)的名词有:habit(习惯),idea(想法),hope(希望),danger(危险),possibility(可能性)等: I have no hope of going.我没有去的希望。 He has the habit of smoking.他有吸烟的习惯。 3.可接以上两种结构的名词有:chance(机会),right(权利),way(方法),opportunity(机会),intention(意图)等: 这是做此事的最好的办法。 正:This is the best way to do it. 正:This is the best way of doing it. 我希望有个出国的机会。 正:I wish to have a chance to go abroad. 正:I wish to have a chance of going abroad. 224.能说marry with sb 吗 例 a.She married ____ a pop singer. b.She was married ____ a pop singer. A.×,to B.to,× C.with,with D.with,to 此题应选A。其余几项均可能被误选。 有的考生认为,按汉语意思“她同某人结婚”,英语就应该用介词with。 其实英语中的marry 是一个及物动词,它的意思就是“同?结婚”,所以要表示“同某人结婚”,通常只用marry sb 即可,无需使用任何介词: He married a nurse.他同一个护士结了婚。 She married her teacher.她同她的老师结了婚。 但是值得注意的是: 1.be married to sb 同某人结婚(要用介词to,但仍不能按汉语意思用介词with): He was married to his secretary.他同他的秘书结了婚。 She was married to an American professor. 她同一位美国教授结了婚。 2.get married to sb 同某人结婚(要用介词to,但仍不能按汉语意思用介词with): He got married to my sister.他同我姐姐结了婚。 When did he get married to her?他是什么时候同她结的婚? 以上两结构的差别在于:be married(to)侧重于状态,可以持续;而get married(to)侧重于动作,不能持续: He has been married[不用got married]for seven years. 他结婚七年了。 225.你知道indeed 的用法习惯吗 例 Which is right? A.Thank you indeed. B.I'm sorry indeed. C.I'm sad indeed. D.I'm very happy indeed. 此题应选D。其余几项均可能被误选。有关indeed 的用法要注意: 1.表示同意,意为“的确”、“确实”,多用来强调或确认前面或对方说过的话,且一般用于简短答语中: A:It's cold.天很冷。 B:It is indeed.的确很冷。 A:Did you hear the explosion?你听到爆炸声了吗? B:Indeed I did.确实听到了。 2.用来加强形容词或副词(一般应有very 修饰)的语气,可译为“实在”、“确实”: The results are very good indeed.结果真是很好。 注意,此时修饰形容词或副词的very 一般不能少: 实在感谢不尽。 正:Thank you very much indeed. 误:Thank you indeed. 他的确讲得很清楚。 正:She spoke very clearly indeed. 误:She spoke clearly indeed. 3.通常不用于疑问句中,也不用于说明想法或期望的句子中: 误:Is he very angry indeed? 误:I wonder if he is sad indeed. 226.可说hope sb to do sth 吗 例 a.I wish you ____ hard. b.I hope you ____ hard. A.to study,to study B.study,study C.study,to study D.to study,study 此题应选D。容易误选A。按汉语习惯,人们常说“希望某人做某事”,但按英语的习惯却不同:可说wish sb to do sth,但不可说hope sb to do sth。如: 我希望你能帮助我。 正:I wish you to help me. 误:I hope you to help me. 正:I hope you help me.(hope 后接的是宾语从句) 类似地,以下各句从汉语来看,均属于“动词 +某人 +做某事”这一句型,但英语习惯上却不用“V +sb +to do sth”来表达,大家要特别注意: 他拒绝我去。 正:He refused to let me go. 误:He refused me to go. 他同意我马上离开。 正:He agreed to let me leave at once. 误:He agreed me to leave at once. 我建议他同我们一起去。 正:I propose that he(should)go with us. 误:I propose him to go with us. |
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