初中英语疑难例析300例 (68---84)68.remember 等动词后接不定式或动名词含义不同
例 She didn't remember ____ him before.
A.having met B.have met
C.to meet D.to having met
此题应选A。一般说来,在动词remember(记得),forget(忘记),regret(后悔)等之后,若接不定式,表示该不定式所表示的动作还未发生;若是接动名词(可用一般式或完成式,偶尔还可用不定式的完成式),则表示该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。如:
1.Do you remember ____ me at a party last year?
A.meet B.to meet C.meeting D.met
2.—The light in the office is still on.
—Oh,I forgot____.
A.turning it off B.turn it Off
C.to turn it off D.having turned it off
3.—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
—Well,now I regret ____ that.
A.to do B.to be doing
C.to having done D.having done
4.—I regret ____ that I can't help you.
—That's all right.
A.say B.to say C.saying D.said
在表示已发生的动作时,若句中含有具体的过去时间状语,则以用动名词的一般式为宜:
I regret telling you about it yesterday.
我后悔昨天把此事告诉了你。
答案:1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B
69.stop 等动词后接不定式或动名词含义不同
例 He was very tired so he stopped ____ a rest.
A.have B.to have C.having D.to having
此题应选B。在动词 stop(停止),go on(继续)等之后,接不定式或动词的-ing 形式都可以,但含义有差别:stop 之后若接不定式,表示停止正在做的事情而去做另外一件事(即去做不定式表示的动作);若接动词的-ing 形式,则只表示停止正在做的事情(即停止-ing 动词所表示的动作);go on 之后若接不定式,表示的是做完一件事情后,接着做另外一件事(即做不定式所表示的动作);若接动词的-ing 形式,则表示继续做正在做的事(即继续做- ing 动词表示的动作)。如:
1.He reached the top of the hill and stopped ____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting
C.to rest D.rest
2.They stopped____,but there was no more sound.
A.listen B.listening
C.to listen D.to have listened
3.When he saw us,he stopped____,got up and shook hands with us.
A.to read B.reading C.read D.to be reading
4.You can't go on ____ all night without a rest.
A.to work B.working
C.work D.to have worked
5.Goon ____ theother exercisesafteryou have finished this one.
A.to do B.doing
C.with D.to be doing
答案:1.C 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A
70.mean 等动词接不定式或动名词含义不同
例 He meant ____ the early bus,and that meant ____up before five o'clock.
A.to catch,to get B.catching,getting
C.to catch,getting D.catching,to get
此题应选C。在动词mean,try,can't help 等之后接不定式或动名词,动词本身含义有变化。试比较并体会:
a.mean + to do sth 打算做某事 mean + doing sth 意味着
b.try + to do sth 设法做某事 try + doing sth 做某事试一试(看有什么效果)
c.can't help + to do sth 不能帮助做某事 can't help + doing sth 禁不住做某事
练习题
1.Oh,sorry.I didn't mean ____ your feelings.
A.hurt B.to hurt C.hurting D.to hurting
2.This illness will mean ____ to hospital.
A.go B.to go C.going D.to going
3.I couldn't help ____ when I heard the joke.
A.laugh B.to laugh C.laughing D.laughed
4.Don't take the medicine.It can't help ____ rid of your cold.
A.get B.to get C.getting D.got
5.—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ____ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go
C.to try and go D.try going
答案:1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 71.need 等动词后接不定式或动名词均可,但语态不同
例 The library needs____,but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A.cleaning B.be cleaned
C.clean D.being cleaned
此题应选A。表示“需要”的动词need,want,require 等,其后可接动名词(用主动式表示被动含义)或不定式(用被动式表示被动含义):
这位老头需要照顾。
a.The old man needs looking after.
b.The old man needs to be looked after.
你的头发需要理了。
a.Your hair wants cutting.
b.Your hair wants to be cut.
这房子需要刷漆了。
a.The house requires painting.
b.The house requires to be painted.
但是在其它情况下,则用主动式或被动式不能随便:
这部电影值得看两遍。
正:The film is worth seeing twice.
误:The film is worth to be seen twice.
误:The film is worth being seen twice.
这本书很难理解。
正:The book is difficult to understand.
误:The book is difficult to be understood.
72.介词but 后的动词带不带to 主要看前面 有没有do 例 He did nothing but ____ a letter.
A.write B.to write
C.writing D.to have written
此题应选A。一般说来,介词后接动词通常应是动名词。但是介词but(except 也一样)却比较特殊,其后接动词时,可以接不定式,并且这个不定式可以带to 也可以不带to:
1.当其前的谓语含有实义动词do(可以是各种形式)时,其后的不定式通常不带to:
She will do anything but play chess.她除了下棋外什么都愿干。
He did nothing all day except watch TV.他一整天除了看电视什么也没做。
2.当其前的谓语没有某种形式的实义动词do 时,其后的不定式通常要带to:
They had no choice but to obey.他们别无选择只有服从。
He wanted nothing but to stay here.
他除了想呆在这里外,其它什么也不想。
3.当其前含有实义动词do 但不是用作谓语时,其后的不定式带不带to 均可,但以不带to 为多见:
There's nothing to do but(to)leave.只好离开。
There was nothing to do but(to)wait.除了等没有其它的办法。
4.在cannot(help)but 后习惯上接不带to 的不定式:
I cannot(help)but admire his courage.我不得不佩服他的勇气。
73.“have + 宾语+动词”结构详解
例 It was cold.He had the fire ____ all night.
A.burn B.to Burn
C.burning D.to Burning
此题应选C。有关have 的以下几个结构须注意:
1.have +宾语+动词原形,表示“叫某人做某事”,是使役动词;有时用于否定句,表示“不能让”,
多与won't 连用:
I'll have her post the letter.我要叫她去寄信。
I won't have you tell me what to do.我不能让你对我做的事指手划脚。
2.have +宾语+现在分词。表示使某人或某物一直处于做某事的状态当中;有时用于否定句,
表示“不允许”,一般与won't, can't 连用:
He had the light burning all night.他让灯亮了一整夜。
I won't have you smoking at your age.我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。
3.have +宾语+过去分词。主要用法有:
1)表示请某人做某事(主语通常不参加):
We had the machine repaired.我们请人修了机器。
2)表示经历或遭遇(通常是违背主语意愿的):
I had my watch stolen.我的表被人偷去了。
3)表示完成或解决某事(主语也可能参加):
I've had all my mistakes corrected.
我已把我所有的错误都改正过来了。
4)表示“拒绝或不允许发生某事”(多与won't 连用):
We won't have anything said against the Party.
我们不允许有人这样攻击党。
74.你会用“make +宾语+过去分词”吗
例 My spoken English is poor.I can't make myself ____ .
A.understand B.to understant
C.understanding D.understood
此题应选D。容易误选A,认为句中的make 是使役动词,其后的宾语补足语用动词原形。但是从句意上看myself 与动词understand 具有被动关系(动宾关系),所以用过去分词。如:
He shouted aloud so that he could make his voice heard.
他大声喊,以便让别人听到他的声音。
You must make yourself respected.你必须要让别人尊重你。
We should make our views known.我们应该要使我们的观点让别人知道。
比较以下“make +宾语+动词原形”的用法:
What made you think so?是什么使你这样想的呢?
He made us stay to tea.他留我们吃茶点。
You may take a horse to the water,but you can't make him drink.
你可以把马牵到水边,但你不能让它喝水(捆绑不成夫妻)。但是,不要将以上使役用法与以下各句(make 表示“制造”)相混淆:
He made some candles to give light.他做了些蜡烛来照明。
He made a large box to put his books in.他做了个大箱子来装书。
75.注意这类“动词+宾语+doing”结构
例 The salesman scolded the girl caught ____ and let her off.
A.to have stolen B.to be stealing
C.to steal D.stealing
此题应选D。句中的 caught stealing 是过去分词短语用作定语,修饰其前的名词 the girl,可看作是定语从句 who was caught stealing的省略形式(注意这是一个被动语态句子),其中使用的动词结构是
catch sb doing sth(抓住某人或碰上某人在做某事)。又如:
He caught me smoking a cigarette.他抓住我抽烟。
The farmer caught the boy stealing his apples.
农夫抓住这个男孩偷他的苹果。
类似以下结构也须注意:
1.find sb doing sth 发现某人在做某事:
We found the girl crying under the tree.
我们发现这个女孩在树下哭。
2.see/hear/watch/observe sb doing sth
看见/听见/观看/观察某人在做某事:
He heard the girl singing in the next room.
他听见这个姑娘在隔壁房间唱歌。
试比较:
I saw her enter the shop.我看见她进了商店(指全过程)。
I saw her entering the shop.
我看见她在进商店(指动作在进行)。
76.在非谓语动词的否定式中否定词置于何处
例 The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not
C.not to eat D.not eating
此题应选C。主要考察在非谓语动词的否定式中,否定词的位置。一般说来,非谓语动词的否定式只能在非谓词动词之前加否定词;若非谓语动词包括几个词(如是完成式、被动式等),则只能在非谓语动词的第一个词前加否定词;so as to,in order to 等结构的否定式,not只能放在不定式符号to 之前。 如:
1.She pretended ____ me when I passed by.
A.not to see B.not seeing
C.to not see D.having not seen
2.Tom kept quiet about the accident ____ lose his job.
A.so not as to B.so as not to
C.so as to not D.not so as to
3.Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____ after drinking.
A.never to drive B.to never drive
C.never driving D.never drive
4. ____ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not
C.Not having received D.Having not received
答案:1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C
77.此题是考察非谓语动词吗 例 ____ many times,but the boys still couldn't under- stand it.
A.Having told B.Though he had been told
C.He was told D.Having been told
此题应选C。容易误选A,D,考生从四个选项中初看一眼便断定此题是考察非谓语动词,这刚好落入了命题者设置的陷阱。做好此题的关键点在于注意到句中的并列连词but,因为它的存在就表明这是一个并列句,所以前面应是一个完整的句子而不能是一个非谓语动词。
1. ____ ask the teacher if you have any questions.
A.Doing B.Do C.To Do D.Done
2. ____ hard and you'll pass the college entrance examinations.
A.Study B.Studying C.To study D.Studied
3. ____ down the radio——the baby's asleep in the next room.
A.Turning B.Turn C.Turned D.To turn
4.On Saturday afternoon,Mrs Green went to the market,
________ some fruit and visited her cousin.
A.bought B.buying C.to Buy D.buy
5.She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A.arriving B.to arrive
C.having arrived D.and arrived
答案:1.B 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D
78.succeed 后可接不定式或动名词吗
例 He succeeded ____ the job.
A.to get B.getting C.in getting D.of getting
此题应选C。表示做某事成功,succeed 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词,而应接in(doing)。如:
We succeeded in performing the task.我们成功地完成了任务。
I didn't succeed in my first lecture.我第一次演讲没有成功。
He succeeded in (winning)the first prize.
他成功地获得了一等奖。
类似地,以下动词在通常情况下,其后既不接不定式也不接动名词。若意义上要接动词,要用“介词+ 动名词”:
insist on 坚持 persist in 坚持,继续 dream of 梦想 concentrate on 专心于
他坚持要同我们一起去。
正:He insisted on going with us.
误:He insisted going with us.
误:He insisted to go with us.
他梦想与科学家。
正:He dreamed of becoming a scientist.
误:He dreamed becoming a scientist.
误:He dreamed to become a scientist.
他聚精会神地研究计划。
正:He concentrated on studying the plan.
误:He concentrated studying the plan.
误:He concentrated to study the plan.
79.你知道什么叫悬垂分词吗 例 ____ the road,a car knocked him down.
A.Crossing B.Crossed
C.When he was crossing D.To cross
此题应选C。其余均可能被误选。分析如下:选项B 不对,因为它是过去分词,其后不应有宾语。选项A,D 不对,因为该非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致——构成悬垂分词。一般说来,作状语用的非谓语动词的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致,否则便是错句。比较:
为了通过考试,(他)每分钟都用来学习。
误:To pass the exam,every minute was spent in studying.
正:To pass the exam,he spent every minute in studying.
信读了第二次之后,意思就更清楚了。
误:Reading the letter a second time,the meaning became clearer.
正:Being read a second time,the letter became clearer in meaning.
狗叫得厉害,所以我把它放了出去。
误:Barking madly,I led the dog out.
正:Barking madly,the dog was let out.
但是,在有些特殊的结构(只有少数固定结构)中,非谓语动词可以没有逻辑主语:
Judging from[by]what he said,he was a cheat.
从他说的话来看,他就是个骗子。
80.可说Yes,of,course,you could 吗
例 —Could I use your dictionary?
—Yes,of course you ____ .
A.can B.could C.might D.must
此题应选A。不要受问句could 的影响而选B。用情态动词(can,could,may,might)表示许可,注意以下几点:
1.表示请求允许(即请求别人允许自己做某事),可用can(=may),也可用could(=might)。注意:若用could(=might),并不表过去,而表现在,只是语气较委婉。
2.表示给予允许(即自己允许别人做某事),一般只用can(=may),而不能用could,might:
A:Can[Could,May,Might]I use your phone?
我可以用一下你的电话吗?
B:Yes,of course you can[may].(正)
B:Yes,of course you could[might].(误)
3.但是在间接引语中的过去式动词后,可用could,might
(此时为过去式)来表示给予的允许:
He said that I might[could]borrow his car.
他说我可以借他的车。
4.在过去时态中,could 可用来表示一般性的允许,但不能表示特定的允许:
When I was at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to .
我在家时,想哪时看电视就哪时看。
I was allowed to go there yesterday.
昨天允许我去了那儿。(特定允许——不能用could)
81.你知道was able to 与could 的区别吗
例 The fire spread through the hotel quickly but everyone ____get out.
A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to
此题应选 D。容易误选 C(could)。这里主要涉及 could 与was able to 的用法和区别:
1.表示过去一般性能力时(即某人想干什么就能干什么的能力),两者都可用:
He could[was able to]run very fast when he was a boy.
他小时候跑得很快。
2.表示过去特定的能力(即某人在某一具体场合做某事的能力,往往暗示经过努力才具备的能力),通常用 was(were)able to,也可用managed to do sth 或 succeeded in doing sth,但是不能用could:
他学习很努力,所以考试及了格。
正:He worked very hard and was able to[managed to]pass his examination.
误:He worked very hard and could pass his his examination.正因为此原因,所以上面一题的答案用 was able to get out, 而不用 could get out,因为此题谈及的是一种特定场合的具体能力。但值得注意的是,以上用法只适合于肯定句,若在否定句中,则可用 couldn't 代替 wasn't[weren't]able to:
He worked hard but wasn't able to[couldn't]pass the exam. 他学习很努力,但考试却未能及格。
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