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1943年，心理学家Abraham Maslow（亚伯拉罕.马斯洛）提出了需要层次理论，他认为人们的需求是具有层级的，他将需要比作一个金字塔。在金字塔最底部是最需获得满足的基本需要，例如食物、睡眠、性等；接下来依次是“安全感”的需要、“爱与归属感”的需要、“尊重”的需要；最后，是位于金字塔顶端的“自我实现”的需要，他认为这一需要得到满足的人比那些没有满足的人感受到更多的幸福。
In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois put Maslow's ideas to the test with data from 123 countries representing every major region of the world. 在一项最新的研究中，伊利诺斯大学的研究人员通过一项调查验证了马斯洛的理论。调查数据来源于123个国家，涵盖了世界各主要领域。 "Anyone who has ever completed a psychology class has heard of Abraham Maslow and his theory of needs," said University of Illinois professor emeritus of psychology Ed Diener, who led the study. "But the nagging question has always been: Where is the proof? Students learn the theory, but scientific research backing this theory is rarely mentioned." 伊利诺斯州大学的心理学名誉教授Ed Diener主持了这一调查研究，他说：“任何学过心理学的人都听说过马斯洛和他的需要层次理论，但是，此理论缺乏实践证据的问题却被一而再，再而三的提出。虽然学生们学习这一理论，但是却很少有支持这一理论的科学研究被老师提及。” The researchers turned to the Gallup World Poll, which conducted surveys in 155 countries from 2005 to 2010, and included questions about money, food, shelter, safety, social support, feeling respected, being self-directed, having a sense of mastery, and the experience of positive or negative emotions. Diener, a senior scientist for the Gallup Organization, helped design the survey. 研究人员向“盖洛普世界民意调查”求助，于2005-2010年间在155个国家中实施了民意测验，测验的问题涉及到金钱、食物、住所、安全、社会支持、受尊重感、自主感、控制感以及积极与消极情绪体验等多方面。作为“盖洛普组织”的高级科学家，Diener帮助对调查进行了设计。 The researchers found that fulfillment of a diversity of needs, as defined by Maslow, do appear to be universal and important to individual happiness. But the order in which "higher" and "lower" needs are met has little bearing on how much they contribute to life satisfaction and enjoyment, Diener said. Diener说：“调查者们发现，马斯洛所定义的各种需要的满足，对个体幸福感的作用是普遍且重要的。但是，各种需要层级的高低受到该种需要对被调查者的生活满意度与欢愉度所做出的贡献的影响。” They also found that the fulfillment of more basic needs -- for money, food or shelter, for example -- was more closely linked to a positive life evaluation, the way an individual ranked his or her life on a scale from worst to best. The satisfaction of higher needs -- for social support, respect, autonomy or mastery -- was "more strongly related to enjoying life -- having more positive feelings and less negative feelings," Diener said. Diener还说：“通过个体对“最糟糕”到“最重要”的排列结果，调查者们还发现：更为基础的需要的满足，例如金钱、食物、住所，与积极地生活评价有更紧密的联系；而更高层次的需要的满足，如社会支持、尊重、自主与控制感，则与是否享受生活（有更多的积极感受和更少的消极感受）有关。“ An important finding, Diener said, is that the research indicated that people have higher life evaluations when others in society also have their needs fulfilled. “有一个重要的发现”， Diener补充，“我们的研究表明当社会中其他的人的需要也得到满足的时候，人们会给生活以更高的评价。” "Thus life satisfaction is not just an individual affair, but depends substantially also on the quality of life of one's fellow citizens," he said. “因此，生活满意度不仅仅是个人的事情，它也相当依赖于个体周围同胞们的生活质量。”Diener说。 "Our findings suggest that Maslow's theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness," Diener said. "However, an important departure from Maslow's theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled." “我们的研究表明马斯洛的理论在很大程度上是正确的。世界各地的文化中，马斯洛提出的各种需要的满足都与幸福感紧密相关。然而，”Diener说。“一个背离马斯洛理论的重要发现就是——即使基本需要和安全需要得不到完全满足，一个人仍有可能报告有好的社会关系与自我实现。” "Another revision of his theory is that we found that different needs produce different types of well-being," Diener said. |
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