so...that...和such...that...的用法特点

 

so…that…和such…that…的用法特点

湖北 喻安民

　

新编高中英语第一册（下）Lesson 82中有这样两个句子：

In fact, his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it. 事实上，他的那些文章中有一篇是用很漂亮的英文写成的，以至于恩格斯为此写了一封信对他加以赞赏。

He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步得很快，不久就开始用英文给美国一家报纸写文章了。

在上述两句中，that后面的分句都是结果状语从句，意思都是“（如此……）以至……”。由于其前的so是副词，such是形容词，因此这两个句型在构成上也有一定的差异。现将两个句型的用法特点概述如下：

一、两种句型的结构形式

（一）so…that…引导四种不同的句子结构：

1. so+形容词（表语）+that从句。例如：

It was so cold outside that we had to stop the game. 外面天气太冷了，我们不得不停止比赛。

The picture is so beautiful that everyone likes it. 那幅画是那样好看，以至于大家都喜欢它。

The weather is so fine that all the children want to go out to play. 天气如此好，所有的孩子都想出去玩一会儿。

2. so+形容词+a(m)+单数名词+that从句。例如：

She made so good a meal that we all ate far too much. 她做的饭菜那么好吃，结果我们都吃得太多了。

It was so good an exhibition that I went to see it several times. 展览是那么好，结果我就去看了好几次。

It was so fine a day yesterday that we all went out for a picnic. 昨天天气很好，我们都出去野餐了。

3. so+副词+that从句。例如：

He did so well in the examination that everyone praised him. 他考得那么好，人人都称赞他。

Tom ran so fast that he won the first place. 汤姆跑得那样快，结果他得了第一名。

He worked so hard at his lessons that he had little rest. 他学习功课非常勤奋，休息得很少很少。

4. so+many / /much / few / little+名词+that从句。例如：

I”ve had so many falls that I”m black and blue all over. 我跌了那么多跤，全身跌得青一块，紫一块的。

There was so much work to do that everybody got bored. 有这么多的事要做，人人都感到厌烦了。

There was so little water in the jar that it was not enough for all of us. 缸里的水太少，不够我们这些人用的。

（二）such…that…引导四种不同的句子结构：

1. such+a(n)+形容词+单数名词+that从句。例如：

This is such a good book that all of us like it very much. 这是一本很好的书，我们大家都喜欢读一读。

It was such a fine day that nobody wanted to stay at home. 天气这么好，没有人愿意呆在家里不出去。

It was such an interesting film that I saw it twice. 这是一部很有意思的电影，我看了两次。

2. such+形容词+复数名词+that从句。例如：

He had such long arms that he could almost touch his knees. 他的胳膊很长，几乎就能够到他的膝盖。

They are such good students that the teacher likes them. 他们都是很好的学生，老师喜欢他们。

3. such+（形容词）+不可数名词+that从句，例如：

The book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 这本书是用简单的英语写成的，连初学者都能看懂。

It was such fine weather yesterday that we went swimming. 昨天天气很好，我们去游泳了。

4. one (no, any, all, many, some, several, 等)+such+可数名词+that从句。例如：

There are many such good books that I can”t decide which one to choose. 有这么多的好书，我无法决定选择哪一本。

He gave us several such examples about the phrase that we understood it pretty well. 关于这个短语，他举了好几个这样的例句，我们终于完全弄懂了。

二、两种句型的同义转换方式

有时可以在不变更原意的前提下，将“so…that…”和“such…that…”加以转换，以使语言变得更加丰富多彩。例如：

1. 她非常诚实，大家都信赖她。

She is so honest that everybody trusts her.

→She is such an honest girl that everybody trusts her.

→She is so honest a girl that everybody trusts her.

2. 他作了一个那么精彩的讲演，以至于出席会议的人都钦佩他。

He made a speech so wonderfully that everyone present at the conference admired him.

→He made so wonderful a speech that everyone present at the conference admired him.

→He made such a wonderful speech that everyone present at the conference admired him.

除上面罗列的常见转换方式外，还有以下几种转换方式：

1. so many / much…that…可转换为such a lot of…that…。例如：

There are so many people in the room that we could not get in.

→There are such a lot of people in the room that we could not get in. （房间里人太多，我们进不去。）

2. so few / little…that…可转换为such a few / a little…that…。例如：

So few people came that the meeting had to be put off.

→Such a few people came that the meeting had to be put off. （人来得这么少，会议不得不推迟。）

3. “so…that+含肯定意义的从句”可转换为“…enough to…”。例如：

He is so old that he can go to school. →He is old enough to go to school. （他到了上学的年龄。）

4. “so…that+含否定意义的从句”可转换为“not…enough to (do sth)”或“too…to (do sth)”。例如：

He is so young that he can”t look after himself. →He is not old enough to look after himself. / He is too young to look after himself. （他年龄太小，自己照顾不了自己。）

5. 可将so和such移至句首，再将主句的主、谓语倒装，以示强调。例如：

It is so hot that we don”t want to go out. → So hot is it that we don”t want to go out. （天气太热，我们不想出去。）

He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him. →Such an excellent speech did he make that everyone admired him. （他作了如此精彩的演讲，人们都钦佩他。）

练习：

（一）用so…that…和such…that…填空：

1. He mastered English ________ well ________ he was able to write long articles in English.

2. He improved his English ________ greatly ________ he began to talk freely with foreigners.

3. It was ________ hot a day ________ they went swimming.

4. Pingpong is ________ a popular game ________ people all over the world play it.

5. He had ________ little education ________ it was not easy for him to solve the embarrassing problem.

6. He made ________ a lot of mistakes in his maths exercises ________ he had to do them all over.

7. I have had many ________ falls ________ I cannot rise to my feet again.

8. His English was ________ limited ________ he could not understand what the native said.

9. The story was ________ interesting ________ we had a good laugh over it.

10. The foreigner had ________ many coughs during the night ________ he could hardly fall asleep.

（二）从A，B，C，D中选出一个正确答案。

1. she said that she was so busy ________ she couldn”t spare any time to talk to me.

A. as B. then C. that D. even

2. The room is ________ hot that I feel quite breathless.

A. too B. so C. very D. such a

3. It was ________ serious accident that he was kept in hospital for a month.

A. such a B. such C. so D. so a

4. It was ________ that a hundred people looked lost in it.

A. so large a room B. so large room

C. a such large room D. such large a room

5. Can you believe that in ________ rich country there should be ________ many poor people?

A. such; such B. such a; so C. so; so D. so; such

6. There were ________ in his farmyard that they ate up all the flowers in the garden.

A. such many goats B. so many goats

C. goats so many D. goats such many

7. There was ________ little information about him that we had ________ much difficulty in finding him.

A. such; so B. so; such C. such; such D. so; so

8. I was having ________ time that I didn”t want to leave.

A. such a nice B. so nice C. such nice a D. such nice

9. ________ that no fish can swim in it.

A. So the lake is shallow B. So shallow the lake is

C. So shallow is the lake D. So is the lake shallow

10. So carelessly ________ that he almost ran into another car on the way home.

A. he drives B. he drove C. he did drive D. did he drive

　

KEY：

（一）

1. So; that 2. so; that 3. so; that 4. such; that 5. so; that

6. such; that 7. such; that 8. so; that 9. so; that 10. so; that

（二）

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B

6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. D

 

So…that/such…that
such…that作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。与so…that
意思相同，但用法不同。如：so…that这一结构中，so后边可加形容词或副词，而such后边要用名词（这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带）。因此，such…that的句型结构可分以下三种：
1)such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that…clause
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
他非常聪明，大家都非常喜欢他。
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。
2)such＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋that…clause
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
3)such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that…clause
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。
注意：如果such后边的名词前由many、much、few、little等词所修饰的话，则不用
such而用so。例如：
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了很多跤，以致于全身上下青一块，紫一块的。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.
他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。
There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to
the building.
街上有那么多人观看大火，以致于消防队员无法接近大楼。
6.In fact, his English is one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and
praised him for it.
事实上，在那些文章中有一篇他的英文写得很好，恩格斯曾写信赞扬他。
so…that也作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。so…that与such…
that意思相同，但用法不同。现将so…that用法总结如下：
so＋adj.／adv.＋that…clause（so的后面跟形容词或副词）
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.
他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。
Dr. Wang is so good that everybody loves and respects him. (=He is so good a doctor that
everybody loves and respects him. =He is such a good doctor that everybody loves and respects him.)
他是一位好医生，大家都尊敬并爱戴他。
so that与so ... that ...的用法在近几年来全国各省市的中考试题中出现率较高，一直是历年来中考试题的重要考点。下面结合近几年来的中考试题，将so that与so ... that ... 的用法归纳如下：
　　一、so that引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，从句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“因此;所以”。如：
　　1. The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day.(用所给的短语填空，每个短语只能用一次)(2003大连市) (答案为so that。)
　　2. She bought a digital camera online she would save a lot of time. (2003扬州市)A.so that B.as soon as C.no matter D.such that (答案为A。)
　　二、so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导结果状语从句。
　　(一)so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的肯定的结果状语从句，意思是“如此……以致于……”。如：
　　3.―__________fine day it is today! ―Yes,the sunshine is__________beautiful that I'd like to go swimming in the sea. (2003青岛市) A. How, such B. What a, very C. How, so D. What a, so (答案为D。)
　　4.当球迷们看到贝克汉姆的时候，他们如此激动以致于大喊大叫。(根据中文意思完成句子，
　　每空一词。)(2003北京市海淀区)When the football fans saw Beckham, they got__________excited__________they cried out. (答案为so，that。)
　　(二)so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的否定的结果状语从句，意思是“如此……以致于不能……”。如：
　　5. The camera is __________expensive__________ I can't afford it. (单项选择)(2004年辽宁省) A. so, that B. such, that C. so, as to D. enough, that (答案为A。)
　　6. Miss Gao asked a question, but it was__________that nobody could answer it.(2001安徽省) A.very difficult B. too difficult C. difficult enough D. so difficult (答案为D。)
　　注意：当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时，so ... that ...可以与be ... enough to do转换；当从句为否定句时，可以与too ... to ... 或be not ... enough to do转换。如：
　　7. David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper. (变为简单句)(2003福州市) David was__________careless__________find the mistakes in his test paper.
　　8. A：The boy is so young that he can't look after himself. B：The boy is not__________to look after himself.(改写句子，使B句与A句意思相近)(2004年桂林市)(答案为old enough。)
　　so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句有时候可以与such ... that ...句型相互转换。如：
　　9. The stone is so heavy that I can't lift it up. It is__________a heavy stone__________I can't lift it up.(改写句子)(2003南京市) (答案为such, that。)
such that 应该是“使得”反方向的意思。或可译做“约束条件为”？