英语高考专题复习讲与练介词和连词

英语高考专题复习讲与练介词和连词

一、考点聚焦

    1、介词的分类与语法功能

    （1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather

forecast.

②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：

①This machine is in good condition.(表语)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）

2、介词搭配

（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。

①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意

义的动词与of 连用)

②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用）

③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用）

④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.’s + 部位，可换用）

strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)

catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)

hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）

⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)

⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into连用）

⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)

⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)

⑨give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用）

注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。

⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。

      for（寻找）       to sth.         of(听说)              on(拜访)

look  to (眺望)  agree   with sb.  hear              call/drop   for(需要)

      at（看）          on sth.         from(收到信)         in(请)

同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask … for … 寻找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去请（拿）……，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好……。

（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。

       of担心……                  about / at sth.       

    afraid                      angry

       for 替……而担心             with sb.

for sth.渴望……             different from与……不同 

amxious   

        about sth. / sb担心……       indifferent to … 不关心……

       of讨厌                       with sb.

tired                        strict

       from/ with因……疲倦          in sth.要求严格

      at擅长                         with sb.受……欢迎

good  for对……有益        popular in  some place流行在……

      of sb. to do so友好               for … 因……而流行

       with + 名词或what从句                  helpful to对……有帮助

pleased                                  

       at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到……而高兴）     rich/poor in富有……/缺乏……

       to sb.为人所知            

known  for因……而出名           be familiar with熟悉

       as作为……出名            be familiar to为……熟知（悉）

        from缺席                                               at sth.失望

absent                       disappointed/satisfied

        in离开此地去了……                       with sb.

worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from离……远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from没有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病……

（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。

the absence of water缺水

the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会

take pride in them为他们感到骄傲

the key to the question问题的答案

a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药

the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

his absence from Beijing不在北京

to study学习方法

the way

of studying maths学习教学的方法

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，

如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）。

②in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在……以后”。

③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：

during the discussion          in discussing the problem

during her stay in Hubei       in playing basketball

during the course of           in digging the tunnel

（2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on

Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)

on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。

注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day

one day、yesterday / afternoon, the night before

（4）till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：

Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意

义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从……到……为止），但from morning till night（从早到晚），不能用to。from … to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),

from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾）。（C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。（D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from … to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。

（5）in、after、later

①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

②一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表语）

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)

（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the

door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）

Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)

The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

③地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。

④across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：

They walked across the playground.

I walked through the forest.

⑤over / under / above / below。

over、above译作“在……之上”；under、below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：

A little boat is now under the bridge.

There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)

The window is well above the tree.

⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性

He walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地）

He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)

    He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用）

He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)

They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)

He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)

He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)

He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)

Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”）

Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）

across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山

be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)

go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

③交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permission)。

④表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink, pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low) spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in need, in debt, in love, in pain, in tears, in surprise, in good(poor)health, in good order, in flower, in a way, in a low voice, in a mess, in chaos, in silence, in(with)satisfaction, in a hurry/rush, in(with)words, live/feed on food, kneel on one’s knee, take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

（8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。

在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

③except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

④except that … 除了……一点以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：

①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）

③but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……

（9）between与among.

between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之间。如：

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)

（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

②It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。

（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

After being invited to the ball, he bought a necklace in a store.

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

He ran down the hill.（介词）

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before为副词)

（13）介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。

②介词for表示时间的省略要求。（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

（14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A.from            B.in           C.of          D.at

解析：答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的基本句型为“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”，what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET  2000)

A.As             B.For          C.With         D.Through

解析：答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.（2000春季高考题）

A.or              B.since         C.for          D.but

解析：答案为D。本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法。并列连词or通常表示选择关系；for表示因果关系；but表示转折关系；从属连词since表示原因。通过比较前后两个分句意思可知，它们是转折关系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A.on              B.up           C.above       D.by

解析：答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有：

（1）定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词”型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介词。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。

②The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

③be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/require / need doing

 

介词与连词

1．We offered him our congratulations       his passing the college entrance exams．

    A．at             B．0n                C．for                 D．of

2．Let’s walk over——the sun．

    A．in             B．to                C．under               D．by

3．We’re all going to the games．Why don’t you come       ?

    A．up             B．across            C．along               D．to

4．If you are worried about the problem，you should do something       it．

   A．about           B．for               C．against              D．with

5．I wanted two seats       Madame Curie for Friday night，so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets．

   A．of              B．about            C．to                   D．for

6．He thought the jar made of earth       little value and 1et me have it       only one dollar．

   A．with；for        B．of；for          C．of；by               D．with；by

7．We can’t feel that we are going forward as everythjng       us is moving       the same speed．

   A．around；at       B．around；with     C．before；at            D．with；in

8．The two rings are so       alike that it is difficult to tell one       the other．

   A．very；to         B．much；to        C．much；from          D．very；from

9．It’s so nice to go out for a walk       a cool nice summer evening．

   A．in              B．on               C．for             D．a

10．He decided to       the matter himself．

    A．look through    B.look into           C．look after        D．look up

11．I ran      an old friend of mine yesterday，whom I hadn’t seen for ages．

    A．across         B．cross             C．after            D．for

12．The scientist is well known       us       his great achievement．

    A．to；for        B．by；for           C．by；as          D．to；in

13．This article is quite       me．There are too many new words

    A．above         B．against            C．upon            D．beyond

14．Does John know any other foreign languages       French？

    A．except        B．but                C．besides         D．beside

15．—What do you want      those old boxes?

    —To put things in when I move to the new flat．

    A．by          B．for                 C．of             D．with

 

 

介词与连词

1-5 BACAD  6-10 BACBB  11-15 AADCC