弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫

弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫（１８８２－１９４１）

(2008-11-04 19:19:46)

Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)

弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫（１８８２－１９４１）

British author who made an original contribution to the form of the novel - also distinguished feminist essayist, critic in The Times Literary Supplement, and a central figure of Bloomsbury group. Virginia Woolf's books were published by Hogarth Press, which she founded with her husband, the critic and writer Leonard Woolf. Originally their printing machine was small enough to fit on a kitchen table, but their publications later included T.S. Eliot's Waste Land (1922), fiction by Maxim Gorky, E.M. Forster, and Katherine Mansfield, and the complete twenty-four-volume translation of the works of Sigmund Freud.

英国作家中对小说体裁做出独特贡献的，杰出的女性散文家，泰晤士报文学副刊的批评家，布卢姆斯伯里的中心人物弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫的书由霍加斯出版社出版，该社由伍尔夫及其丈夫，批评家和作家伦纳德．伍尔夫创立。最初他们的印刷机小得可以放在一只厨房餐桌上，但是他们后来的出版物包括了艾略特的《荒原》（1922），马克西姆．高尔基，E.M.福斯特以及凯瑟琳．曼斯菲尔德的小说，以及全部24卷西格蒙特．弗洛伊特的翻译著作。

"Have you any notion how many books are written about women in the course of one year? Have you any notion how many are written by men? Are you aware that you are, perhaps, the most discussed animal in the universe?"

“你对一年之中有多少书是写妇女的有概念吗？你对有多少书是由男人写的有概念吗？您是否知道：您或许是宇宙中讨论得最多的动物吗？ ”

Virginia Woolf was born in London, as the daughter of Julia Jackson Duckworth, a member of the Duckworth publishing family, and Sir Leslie Stephen, a literary critic, a friend of Meredith, Henry James, Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, and George Eliot, and the founder of the Dictionary of National Biography. Leslie Stephen's first wife had been the daughter of the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray. His daughter Laura from the first marriage was institutionalized because of mental retardation. In a memoir dated 1907 she wrote of her parents, "Beautiful often, even to our eyes, were their gestures, their glances of pure and unutterable delight in each other."

弗吉尼亚．伍尔夫出生于伦敦，是朱莉娅．杰克逊．达克沃斯的女儿，她是达克沃斯出版家族的一员。该家族还包括莱斯利．斯蒂芬先生，一位文学评论家，梅雷迪思的朋友，还有亨利．詹姆斯，丁尼生，马修．阿诺德以及乔治．艾略特，《国家传记词典》的创始人。莱斯利．斯蒂芬的第一任妻子是小说家威廉斯．萨克雷的女儿。因为智力迟钝，他的女儿劳拉的从第一次婚姻起就被送进了疯人院。在1907年的回忆录中她写道，她的父母，“甚至在我们的眼睛里都是很美的，他们的手势，他们的眼神是纯粹的，难以言喻的互相取悦。”

Woolf, who was educated at home by her father, grew up at the family home at Hyde Park Gate. In middle age she described this period in a letter to Vita Sackville-West: "Think how I was brought up! No school; mooning about alone among my father's books; never any chance to pick up all that goes on in schools—throwing balls; ragging; slang; vulgarities; scenes; jealousies!" Woolf's youth was shadowed by series of emotional shocks. Gerald Duckworth, her half-brother, sexually abused her. In 'Sketch of the Past' (1939) she wrote: "I can remember the feel of his hands going under my clothes; going firmly and steadily lower and lower, I remember how I hoped that he would stop; how I stiffened and wriggled as his hand approached my private parts. But he did not stop." Julia Jackson Duckworth died when Virginia was in her early teens. Stella Duckworth, her half sister, took her mother's place, but died a scant two years later. Leslie Stephen suffered a slow death from stomach cancer, he died in 1904. When Virginia's brother Thoby died in 1906, she had a prolonged mental breakdown. Vanessa, Virginia's sister, influenced a number of her characters; in childhood they bathed and slept together. Later in FLUSH (1933) Woolf parodies her own devotion to Vanessa.

伍尔夫在家接受父亲的教育，在海德公园门的家中长大。 人到中年，她在一封给维塔．萨克维尔西的信中形容道： “想想看我是如何长大的！没有学校，独自在父亲的书籍中徘徊消遣；从没有机会去参加学校活动——玩球呀，喧闹呀，讲粗话呀，下流话呀，发脾气呀，嫉妒呀！”伍尔夫年轻时曾被一系列感情挫折的阴影所笼罩。杰拉尔德．达克沃斯，她的同父异母弟弟，对她进行性虐待。在《过去的素描》（ 1939年）中 ，她写道： “我还记得他的手伸入我的衣服中的感觉；坚定而执着，越来越往下去，我记得我是多么希望他停止；当他的手接近我的私处时，我是如何挣扎和扭动，但他没有停止。” 朱莉娅．杰克逊．达克沃斯去世时，弗吉尼亚年纪尚小。斯特拉．达克沃斯，她的姨妈，代替了她母亲的位置，但两年后死于过分节俭。莱斯利．斯蒂芬得了胃癌，慢慢地受着死亡折磨，他于1904年去世。当弗吉尼亚的弟弟索伯于1906年死去时，她长期陷于精神崩溃。弗吉尼亚的姐姐文妮莎很多地方受到了她的性格影响；童年时她们一起洗澡，一起睡觉。后来在《奔流》（ 1933 ）中，伍尔夫在自己的作品中将她模仿成自己，以奉献给文妮莎。

Following the death of her father, Woolf moved with her sister and two brothers to the house in Bloomsbury. Vanessa, a painter, agreed to marry the critic of art and literature Clive Bell. He was the only person, whom she trusted sufficiently to show her unfinished work. Virginia's economic situation improved when she inherited ￡2,500 from an aunt. Their house became central to activities of the Bloomsbury group. "And part of the charm of those Thursday evenings was that they were astonishingly abstract. It was not only that Moore's book [Principia Ethica, 1903] had set us all discussing philosophy, art, religion; it was that the atmosphere ?if in spite of Hawtrey I may use that word ?was abstract in the extreme. The young men I have named had no 'manners' in the Hyde Park Gate sense. They criticized our arguments as severely as their own. They never seemed to notice how we were dressed or if we were nice looking or not." (from Moments of Being, ed. by Jeanne Schulkind, 1976)

在她的父亲死后，伍尔夫和她的姐姐以及两个弟弟搬到了布卢姆斯伯里的家。文妮莎是一位画家，同意嫁给文学艺术批评家克莱夫贝尔。他是伍尔夫值得信赖并透露她未完成的工作的唯一的人。弗吉尼亚从一个姨妈那儿继承了2，500英镑，经济形势有所好转。他们的房子成了布卢姆斯伯里的活动中心。“那些星期四的晚上，部分的魅力，是他们惊人的抽象。是摩尔的书《伦理学原理，1903年》使我们大家讨论哲学，艺术，宗教，还因为晚会的气氛？如果不管霍特里，我可以使用这个词“极端抽象”吗?那些我所称的年轻人在海德公园门无“风度”可言。他们批评我们的论点就像我们批评他们的论点一样严厉。他们似乎从未注意我们穿什么衣服，或者我们是否穿着得体。（摘自《存在的一刻》，由珍妮．舒尔金特编辑，1976年）

From 1905 Woolf began to write for the Times Literary Supplement. With Vanessa and Violet Dickinson she traveled in 1906 to Greece, where she carried Homer's Odyssey in her handbag. In 1912 she married the political theorist Leonard (Sidney) Woolf (1880-1969), who had returned from serving as an administrator in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Leonard Woolf was of Jewish descent, the son of a barrister. Woolf had anti-Jewish attitudes, but she loved her husband. Leonard Woolf had studied at Cambridge and from 1923 to 1930 he was a literary editor on the Nation. During WW I he was not called for military service, most likely due to his constantly trembling hands; and most of the Bloomsburies were conscientious objectors. In 1917 he set up a small hand press at Hogarth House, and worked as its director until his death. Leonard Woolf's works include novels, non-fiction, and his five volume memoirs Sowing (1960), Growing (1961), Beginning Again (1964), Downhill All the Way (1967), and The Journey Not the Arrival Matters (1969).

伍尔夫从1905年开始为泰晤士报文学增刊写稿。她和文妮莎以及维奥莱特．迪金森一起，于1906年前往希腊旅行，并将荷马的《奥德赛》带在她的手提包里。她于1912年嫁给了政治理论家伦纳德（悉尼）．伍尔夫（ 1880年至1969年），那时他刚从锡兰（现斯里兰卡）的任职上归国。伦纳德．伍尔夫是犹太人后裔，父亲是一位律师。伍尔夫有反犹太人的倾向，但她爱她的丈夫。伦纳德．伍尔夫曾就读于剑桥大学，从1923年至1930年他是《国家》杂志的一名文学编辑。第一次世界大战期间，他未被要求服兵役，最大的可能是由于他不断颤抖的双手，以及大多数布卢姆斯伯里人从意识上拒绝服兵役。1917年，他在霍加斯成立了一个小型出版社，并担任其董事，直到他去世。伦纳德．伍尔夫的作品包括小说，非小说，以及他的5卷回忆录《播种》（ 1960年） ，《成长》 （ 1961年） ，《再次开始》（ 1964年） ，《下山的所有途径》（ 1967年），以及《旅行未到之处的事情》（ 1969年）。

THE VOYAGE OUT (1915) was Virginia Woolf's first book. In 1919 appeared NIGHT AND DAY, a realistic novel about the lifes of two friends, Katherine and Mary. JACOB'S ROOM (1922) was based upon the life and death of her brother Thoby.

《出航中》（1915）是伍尔夫的第一本书，1919年以《夜与日》的书名出现，是一本关于两个朋友凯瑟琳和玛丽．雅各布的现实主义小说。《雅各布的房间》是根据她弟弟索比的死创作的。

With TO THE LIGHTHOUSE (1927) and THE WAVES (1931)Woolf established herself as one of the leading writers of modernism. On the publication of To the Lighthouse, Lytton Strachey wrote: "It is really most unfortunate that she rules out copulation - not the ghost of it visible - so that her presentation of things becomes little more... than an arabesque - an exquisite arabesque, of course." The Waves is perhaps Woolf's most difficult novel. It follows in soliloquies the lives of six persons from childhood to old age. Louis Kronenberger noted in The New York Times that Woolf was not really concerned with people, but "the poetic symbols, of life--the changing seasons, day and night, bread and wine, fire and cold, time and space, birth and death and change."

伍尔夫以小说《到灯塔去》（1927）和《海浪》（1931）确立了她现代主义领导人物的地位。在发行《到灯塔去》的时候，顿斯．特雷奇写道：“她拒绝考虑性交，这确实是最不幸的，不是看得见的幽灵，她展现的东西变得只比．．．．．．一幅阿拉图案大一点，当然是一幅精致的阿拉伯图案。”《海浪》也许是伍尔夫的最艰难的小说。它以独白的形式写了六个人从童年到晚年的生活。路易斯．科龙纳伯格在《纽约时报》上指出，伍尔夫所写的并不关系到人，而是关系到“诗的象征，生命，四季变化，昼和夜，面包和酒，火和寒冷，时间和空间，生和死，以及变化。”

In these works Woolf developed innovative literary techniques in order to reveal women's experience and find an alternative to the male-dominated views of reality. In her essay 'Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown' Woolf argued that John Galsworthy, H.G. Wells and other realistic English novelist dealt in surfaces but to get underneath these surfaces one must use less restricted presentation of life, and such devices as stream of consciousness and interior monologue and abandon linear narrative. Marital disappointments and frustrations she often dealt ironically. In To the Lighthouse Woolf wrote: "So that is marriage, Lily thought, a man and a woman looking at a girl throwing a ball."

在这些作品中，伍尔夫拓展了其创新的文学手法，以显示其女性的经验，并寻找替代男性占主导地位的现实观点。在她的散文“贝内特先生和布朗夫人”中，伍尔夫认为，约翰．高尔斯华绥，Ｈ．Ｇ．威尔斯和其他现实主义的英国小说家在他们的小说中作了表面处理，但在这些表面底下，必须以较少的限制来展现生活，而这些手段如意识流以及内心独白，放弃了线条描述。她的作品往往讽刺性地涉及对婚姻的失望和无奈。在《到灯塔去》中，伍尔夫写道：“所以那就是婚姻，女人腔的男人的想法，一个男人和一个女人看着一个女孩扔一个球。”

MRS. DALLOWAY (1925) formed a web of thoughts of several groups of people during the course of a single day. There is little action, but much movement in time from present to past and back again. The central figure, Clarissa Dalloway, married to Richard Dalloway, is a wealthy London hostess. She spends her day in London preparing for her evening party. She recalls her life before World War I, her friendship with the unconventional Sally Seton, and her relationship with Peter Walsh. At her party she never meets the shell-shocked veteran Septimus Smith, one of the first Englishmen to enlist in the war. Sally returns as Lady Rossetter, Peter Walsh is still enamored with Mrs. Dalloway, the prime minister arrives, and Smith commits suicide. To the Lighthouse had a tripartite structure: part 1 presented the Victorian family life, the second part covers a ten-year period, and the third part is a long account of a morning and reconciliation. The central figure, Mrs. Ramsay, was based on Woolf's mother. Also other characters in the book were drawn from Woolf's family memories.

《达洛卫夫人》写的是在一天过程中，几个群体的人们所形成的一个思想网络。故事中的人物很少有行动，但有许多时间运动，从现在到过去，再回来。中心人物，克拉丽莎．达洛卫嫁给了理查德．达洛卫，她是一个富裕的伦敦女主人，成天在伦敦准备她的晚会。她回忆第一次世界大战前的生活，与不落俗套的萨莉．塞顿之间的友谊，以及与彼得．沃尔什之间的关系。在晚会上，她从来没有遇到患弹震症的老兵塞普蒂默斯．史密斯，参加一战的第一个英国人。萨莉以洛塞特小姐的身份回来了，彼得．沃尔什仍然倾心于达洛卫夫人，首相抵达，史密斯自杀。《去灯塔屋》有一个三重结构：第一部分介绍了维多利亚的家庭生活，第二部分涵盖了10年期间的事情，第三部分是一个漫长的上午与和解。中心人物拉姆齐夫人是根据伍尔夫的母亲写的。还有其他人物的故事取自伍尔夫家人的回忆。

During the inter-war period, Woolf was a central character of the literary scene both in London and at her home in Rodmell, near Lewes, Sussex. She lived in Richmond from 1915 to 1924, in Bloomsbury from 1924 to 1939, and maintained the house in Rodmell from 1919-41. Their Hogarth Press had operated from the basement room in Tavistock Square. The Bloomsbury group was initially based at the Gordon Square residence of Virginia and her sister Vanessa (Bell). Its other members included among others E.M. Forster, Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, Duncan Grant, and Leonard Woolf. The consolidation of the group's beliefs in unifying aesthetic concerns occurred under the influence of the philosopher G.E. Moore (1873-1958). By the early 1930s, the group ceased to exist in its original form.

在整个战争时期，伍尔夫是文坛上的中心人物，无论是在伦敦还是在她靠近苏塞克斯的刘易斯的洛德梅尔家中。她于1915年至１９２４年住在里士满，于1924年至1939年住在布卢姆斯伯里，并从1919年至1941年保留了洛德梅尔的房子。他们的霍加斯出版社经营从地下室房间到塔维斯托克广场。布卢姆斯伯里最初设在位于戈登广场的弗吉尼亚和她的妹妹凡妮莎（贝尔）居住的房子里。它的其他成员包括E.M.福斯特，里顿．斯特雷奇，克莱夫．贝尔，邓肯．格兰特，和莱纳德．伍尔夫。该团体信仰稳固，审美观统一，在哲学家穆尔（１８７３年至１９５８年）的影响下出现在英国文坛。到1930年初，该集团已不再以原有的形态存在。

Since 1924, the Hogarth Press had published works by Sigmund Freud. Woolf met him in 1939, and later wrote in her diary: "A screwed up shrunk very old man: with a monkey light eyes, paralyzed spasmodic movements, inarticulate: but alert? In the event of a Nazi invastion, Woolf and Leonard had made provisions to kill themselves. After the final attack of mental illness, Woolf loaded her pockets full of stones and drowned herself in the River Ouse near her Sussex home on March 28, 1941. On her note to her husband she wrote: "I have a feeling I shall go mad. I cannot go on longer in these terrible times. I hear voices and cannot concentrate on my work. I have fought against it but cannot fight any longer. I owe all my happiness to you but cannot go on and spoil your life." Woolf's suicide, like Sylvia Plath's, have much colored the interpretation of both of their work.

自从1924年起，霍加斯出版社已出版了西格蒙特．弗洛伊德的著作。伍尔夫在1939年会见了他，后来在她的日记中写道： “一个眯起眼睛的，畏缩的，非常老的男子：一双猴子般发光的眼睛，作痉挛性运动，口齿不清：但很警觉？”在纳粹侵略期间，伍尔夫和伦纳德甚至已作出决定自杀。１９４１年３月２８日，当最后的精神病袭来时，伍尔夫在她的口袋里装满石块，将自己淹死在塞克斯她家附近的欧塞河中。在给她的丈夫的一张字条上，她写道： “我有一种感觉，我要发疯。我不能继续生存在这可怕的时刻。我听到了声音，无法将精力集中于我的工作。我反抗过了，但不能抵抗更长时间。我所有的幸福都归功于你，但我不能再继续下去，并破坏你的生活。”伍尔夫的自杀，和普拉斯的自杀一样，对解释他们俩的著作有着特殊色彩的注解。

Virginia Woolf's concern with feminist thematics are dominant in A ROOM OF ONE'S OWN (1929). In it she made her famous statement: "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction." The book originated from two expanded and revised lectures the author presented at Cambridge University's Newnham and Girton Colleges in October 1928. Woolf examined the obstacles and prejudices that have hindered women writers. She separated women as objects of representation and women as authors of representation, and argued that a change in the forms of literature was necessary because most literature had been "made by men out of their own needs for their own uses." In the last chapter Woolf touched the possibility of an androgynous mind. Woolf refers to Coleridge who said that a great mind is androgynous and states that when this fusion takes place the mind is fully fertilized and uses all its faculties. "Perhaps a mind that is purely masculine cannot create, any more than a mind that is purely feminine..." THREE GUINEAS (1938) urged women to make a claim for their own history and literature.

伍尔夫关于女权主义者的专题主要集中在《一个人自己的房间》（ 1929年） 。她在这本书中有一句名言： “一个女人必须有钱和一间自己的房间，如果她是写小说的话。”这本书源于两次经过扩展和修订的，作者于1928年10月期间在剑桥大学的纽纳姆和格顿学院作的讲座。伍尔夫解释了阻碍女作家的障碍和偏见。她将妇女作为“对象”的代表性和妇女作为“作者”的代表性分开，并认为文学形式的改变是必要的，因为大多数文学是“男人出于他们自己需要之外，为他们自己的需要而写的”。在最后一章，伍尔夫谈到了所谓“雌雄同体”的想法。伍尔夫说的是科莱里奇，他曾说过，一个伟大的心灵是雌雄同体的，并指出这种融合发生的时候，该思想是完全多产的，使出了所有的才能。“也许一种纯粹是男性的思想就无法创作，任何多于一种思想的，那纯粹是女性的...．”《三个畿尼》（ 1938 ）敦促妇女为自己的历史和文学提出要求。

ORLANDO (1928), a fantasy novel, traced the career of the androgynous protagonist, Orlando, from a masculine identity within the Elisabethan court to a feminine identity in 1928. Chief model for the character was writer Vita Sackville-West, with whom Woolf had a lesbian relationship. The book was illustrated with pictures of Vita Sackville-West, dressed as Orlando. According to Nigel Nicolson, the initiative to start the affair came as much on Virginia's side as on the more experienced Vita's. Their relationship coincided with a period of great creative productivity in Woolf's career. In 1994 Eileen Atkins dramatized their letters in her play Vita and Virginia, starring Atkins and Vanessa Redgrave.

《奥兰多》（ 1928年），一部幻想小说，追寻了雌雄同体的主角，奥兰多的一生，从一个伊丽莎白宫廷中的男性，到1928年的一个女性。具有该特点的主要模特是作家维塔．萨克维尔．韦斯特，她与伍尔夫有同性恋关系。该书刊登了维塔．萨克维尔．韦斯特的照片，穿着打扮成奥兰多。据奈杰尔．尼科尔森说，是弗吉尼亚主动开始了这件事，使维塔的经验更丰富。她们的关系与一个时期内伍尔夫职业生涯中伟大而创造性的作品相符。在1994年，艾琳．阿特金斯在她的戏剧《维塔和弗吉尼亚》中，戏剧化了她们之间的通信，该剧由阿特金斯和凡妮莎．雷德格雷夫主演。

As an essayist Woolf was prolific. She published some 500 essays in periodicals and collections, beginning 1905. Characteristic for Woolf's essays are dialogic nature of style ?her reader is often directly addressed, in a conversational tone. A number of her writings are autobiographical. In the essay on the art of Walter Sickert, which was inspired by her visit in his retrospective show, Woolf asked how words can express colour, and answered that all great writers are great colorists: "Each of Shakespeare's plays has its dominant colour. And each writers differs of course as a colourist..." (Walter Sickert: A Conversation, 1934). Woolf rejection of an authoritative voice links her essays to the tradition of Montaigne.

作为一个散文家的伍尔夫是多产的。从1905年开始，她在期刊和选集中发表了大约500篇散文。伍尔夫的散文具有对话性的风格，她的读者往往是以谈话的语调直接被对话。她的许多文章也是她的自传体著作。谈到关于《沃尔特。西科特》的艺术处理，该剧受她访问他的回顾展的启发，伍尔夫问，词语如何可以表达色彩，回答是：所有的伟大作家也是伟大的色彩学家：“每一部莎士比亚戏剧都有其主色调。而且每个作家作为一个色彩学家都有所不同．．．．．．”（沃尔特．西科特：《一次谈话》1934年），联系到她的散文《蒙塔格尼》的传统，伍尔夫是反对一个权威的声音的。