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每年，美国都会有人因为职业危害而染病。长期接触石棉的工人可能罹患癌症。煤矿工人很可能得黑肺病。这里面的有些病即使得到适当的治疗，也同样是致命的。7月24号华尔街确定出了一些最常见的高风险患病行业，并指出了它们可能会导致的大小疾病。
MORTICIANSRisk: Leukemia1. 殡仪业者：白血病 Perceived cause: Formaldehyde 可知成因：甲醛 Median annual wage: $52,210 平均年工资：52210美元 Morticians who use formaldehyde to embalm bodies are at an exceptionally high risk of leukemia. "Previous studies have shown excess mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer in anatomists, pathologists, and funeral industry workers, all of whom may have worked with formaldehyde," reports the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Formaldehyde, which is used in plywood manufacturing as well as embalming, was only officially classified as a carcinogen this past June. 用甲醛来保存尸体的殡仪业者，有极高的患白血病的风险。《国家癌症研究所杂志》报道说，“此前的研究表明，在解剖学家，病理学家以及丧葬工作人员中所存在的因淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤和脑癌造成的死亡率极高。”可用于防腐以及胶合板制造的甲醛，在今年六月才正式被归为致癌类物质。 PIPEFITTERSRisk: Mesothelioma 2.管道装配工：间皮瘤 Perceived cause: Asbestos 可知成因：石棉 Median annual wage: $46,660 年平均工资：46660美元 Malignant mesothelioma is a life-threatening type of cancer commonly caused by exposure to asbestos. Asbestos use peaked in 1973 in the U.S. ,but its use and has since declined by 99.8%, according to the American Lung Association. Because Mesothelioma can take 20 to 40 years to develop, it has only been in recent years that the disease has become extremely widespread. Some occupations, such as pipefitters, still put workers at risk of exposure. One Massachusetts developer was recently fined for neglecting to take precautions to ensure that workers would protected from airborne asbestos while removing pipes lined with the fiber. Other occupations that have seen highest rates of the illness are plumbers, mechanical engineers, electricians, and elementary school teachers who spent years in older buildings。 恶性间皮瘤是一种致命的癌症，它通常是由于长期接触石棉而造成的。在美国，石棉的使用在1973年达到高峰，但是据美国肺脏协会调查，它的使用和拥有量下降了99.8%。由于间皮瘤的病情发展时间可达20到40年，这种疾病是在近几年才呈现出急速传播的趋势。有些职业，比如管道装配工，依然使从事该工作的工人面临长期接触石棉的危险。最近，一个马萨诸塞州的开发商在工人清除管道内衬纤维时，忽略了要采取预防措施来保证工人免受空气传播中的石棉的侵害，并为此被罚款。其他可见的最高患病风险的职业还有管道工，机械工程师，电工以及会在旧教学楼里待很多年的小学教师。 CONCRETE MIXERSRisk: Silicosis 3.混凝土搅拌机操作员：矽肺病 Perceived cause: Silica 可知成因:二氧化硅 Median annual wage: $43,850 平均年工资：43850美元 Silicosis is a disabling respiratory disease caused by inhaling silica dust, which is used in the production of glass products, optical fibers, cement, and more. The disease can lead to “extreme shortness of breath, loss of appetite, chest pains, and respiratory failure, which can cause death,” reports the American Lung Association. More than one million workers are exposed to silica each year. The highest rate of silicosis deaths occur among so-called non-construction laborers and mining machine operators. 矽肺病是一种因长期吸入二氧化硅粉尘而导致的呼吸系统衰竭的疾病，二氧化硅可用于生产玻璃制品，光纤，水泥等物品。美国肺脏协会报道说，这种疾病可以导致“极限气短，食欲不振，胸痛，以及可造成死亡的呼吸系统衰竭，”每年都有超过一百万的工人要面临二氧化硅粉尘的危害。最高的矽肺病死亡率出现在所谓的非建设工人和煤矿机操作人员中。 PILOTSRisk: Melanoma 4.飞行员：黑色素瘤 Perceived cause: Intense exposure to sunlight 可知成因：高度暴晒 Median annual wage: $103,210 平均年工资：103210美元 Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer and is related to sunlight exposure. Studies have shown that brief periods of high intensity exposure are more risky than long-term, lower intensity exposure, according to a report out of the UK on occupational mortality. The report shows that aircraft flight deck officers, including pilots, have an exceptionally high mortality rate from melanoma. The study notes that in addition to solar radiation, cosmic radiation exposure could be a contributing factor. A different study, conducted by Iceland’s University of Reykjavik, reports that airline pilots have up to 25 times the average rate of melanoma. 黑色素瘤是最危险的一种皮肤癌，它是由于阳光暴晒所造成的。据英国关于职业病死亡率的研究表明，短期的高强度暴晒比长期的，强度较低的暴晒更有风险。研究报道指出，包括飞行员在内的飞机飞行甲板人员因患黑色素瘤而导致的死亡率是非常高的。 FIREFIGHTERSRisk: Heart attack 5.消防员：心脏病 Perceived cause: Physical and psychological stress, exposure to toxic elements 可知成因：身心压力，接触有毒元素 Median annual wage: $45,520 平均年工资：45520美元 It is not fire or smoke inhalation that is the number one irregular cause of death among firefighters, but heart attacks. When fighting a fire, the chance that a firefighter will have a heart attack increases up to 100 times the normal rate. Even when they aren’t fighting fires, firefighters are at a higher risk of heart attack, a report from Harvard School of Public Health shows. Risk of heart attack is increased for firefighters when they respond to an alarm, return from an incident, or engage in physical activity, including training. The occupation of firefighter, by nature, entails dealing with extreme heat, exposure to toxic substances, and causes high levels of psychological and physiological stress. 在消防员中，导致非正常原因死亡的头号杀手不是火灾或吸入浓烟，而是心脏病。一个消防员在救火的时候心脏病发作的可能性上升到正常比例的一百倍。哈佛公共卫生学院的研究报道表明，甚至当消防员在没有救火的时候，也存在较高的心脏病发作的风险。当他们在听到警报赶去救火时，当他们从事故现场回来时，当他们进行包括训练在内的体力活动时，心脏病发作的风险就会增加。消防员的工作，从性质上来说就是需要应对极度高温，接触有毒物质，并对身心造成很大压力。 COAL MINERSRisk: Pneumoconiosis 6.煤矿工人：尘肺 Perceived cause: Coal dust 可知成因：煤尘 Median annual wage: $43,010 平均年工资：43010美元 Coal miners far and away have the highest mortality rate from pneumoconiosis, or black lung disease, which is cause by long-term exposure to coal dust. According to the National Institutes of Health, one’s “risk of getting coal worker's pneumoconiosis depends on how long [they] have been around coal dust.” The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that between 1968 and 2006, coal worker’s pneumoconiosis was the cause of death for 28,912 people aged 25 and older. 尘肺和黑肺病都是因长期接触煤尘所致，那煤矿工无疑是由这两种病导致的死亡率最高的人群。据国家卫生研究院所说，“导致工人患尘肺的风险取决于他（他们）接触煤尘的时间。”疾病控制和预防中心报道指出，在1968年到2006年间，煤矿工人所患的尘肺病导致了28912人死亡，这些人年龄都在25岁及25岁以上。 WELDERSRisk: Manganism 7.焊工：锰中毒 Perceived cause: Manganese 可知成因：锰 Median annual wage: $35,450 平均年工资：35450美元 The fumes produced by welding metal often contain small amounts of manganese. Prolonged exposure to these fumes can lead to a “Parkinsonian syndrome” called manganism. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, symptoms “may include tremors, slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, and poor balance.” The disease can also occur in those who work around “dry-cell batteries, anti-knock gasoline additives, pesticides, pigments, dyes, inks and incendiary devices.” 在焊接金属时所产生的烟雾中，常常包含了少量的锰。长期接触这些烟雾可导致被称为锰中毒的“帕金森综合症”。据疾病控制和预防中心指出，该病的症状“可能包括震颠，动作迟缓，肌强直，平衡能力差。”这种疾病还能发生在另一些人身上，那些人在工作中，常常接触“干电池，抗爆汽油添加剂，农药，颜料，燃料，油墨和燃烧装置”。 |
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