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附：常见的字母与字母组合发音规则 （I）
元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则 ● 元音字母的发音 （一） 元音字母a 1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late ; make ; lake ; face 2. 重读闭音节 [æ] bag ; fat ; cat ; ladder ; mass （*例外：any一些[e] ;many许多[e]） 3. 非重读音节 [?]或[i] 即：[?]—— ago ; along ; among ; above ; aloud
[i]—— comrade ; village ; manager ；
palace ; private ；necklace *连续相同的辅音（字母），一般只发一个音，而且归属 后一个音节段。如上的ladder,village . 4.在字母w或wh后面 ，发[?] was ; wash ; what ; want ;
(*例外：water水[?:]) 5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]
即：dance ;France ; chance
ask ;mask ;task ;basket class ;grass ;glass ;pass ;——（*例外：mass[æ]） fast ;cast ;past ;last ;master ; father ;path ;bath ;——(*例外：maths[æ]) (二)元音字母e 1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she ;these ;evening 2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set ;tell ; echo 3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket ;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ; （三）元音字母i或y 1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my ; hi ; time ; guide ; 2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill ; little ; system ; 3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study (四)元音字母o 1.重读开音节 [?u] no ; so ; go ; home ; photo ; 2.重读闭音节 [?] not ; hot ; box ; fox ; cock ; cost ; 3.非重读音节 [?] purpose ; concern 4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前，均发[?]
son ; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外：Tom[?])
love ; dove ; glove ; above ; another
mother ; brother ; become ; some 5.两个单词：woman[‘wu-m?n]女人（单数） ; women[‘wi-min]女人（复数） （五）元音字母u 1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use ; cube 2.重读闭音节 [?]或[u] 即：[?]——cut ; luck ; umbrella ; us [u]——put ; full ; pull 4. 非重读音节 [?] autumn ;August ; support ●元音字母组合的拼读规则 （一）元音字母a的字母组合 1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain day ; may ; play ; stay ; lay *ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei]
Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday ; Friday 2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [?:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ; walk ；chalk
或[?: l] also ; always *al后面是k时，只发[?:] al+f或m时，al发[a:] half ; calm -al在词尾非重读[（?）l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河，重音在后[æl]) 3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France 在非重读时[?ns] importance ；performance ；ambulance 4.-ant非重读[?nt] assistant ; important
；peasant 5.-ange一般[eind?] change ; danger ; strange ;(*但orange [ind?]) 6.-age 一般[id?] village ; carriage ; marriage 7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task ;basket 8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass ; pass ; (*但mass[æ]) 9.-ast一般重读时[a: st] last ; past ; fast ; cast -aste一般[eist] waste ; paste ; taste 10.-ath一般[a: θ]
bath
;
path ; (*但maths[æθ]) 或[a: ð] father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð]) 11.-au一般[?:] cause ; autumn ;August ; (*但because[?]) -augh(t) [?: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter (*例外：laugh[l a: f]) 12.-aw
[?:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful 13.a在字母w或wh后面，a发[?] was ; wash ; want ; what ; (*但water[?:]) 14.-ar 重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm ; army ; yard ; hard ; star 在字母w或音[w]后面时 [?:] war ; warm ; warn ;towards ; *quarter 在非重读音时[-?] beggar ; dollar ; solar 15.-are一般[-ε?] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ; rare ; care ; parent 16.-air一般[-ε?] chair ; fair ; hair ; pair ; stair ; repair 17.-able 一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table ; stable (二)元音字母e的组合 1.-ea重读音节有四个音，分别是下列： -ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead ; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal -ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant ; read(过去式和过去分词) ; peasant -ea[i?] real ; really -ea[ei] great ; break 2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three ; steel ; street ; sweep ; see *但是一个例外：coffee[i] 3.-eer[i?]
deer ; pioneer ; engineer ; volunteer 4.-er重读音节[?:] her ; term ; service ; Germany 非重读[?] worker ; paper ; western ; teacher 特殊读法[a:] clerk 5.-ere [i?] here ; mere -ere 或者发[ε?]
there ; where 6.-ear 有三种音，分别是： -ear [i?] ear ; dear ; near ; clear ; tear (n.) ; beard -ear [?:] early ; earth ; learn ; heard -ear [a:] heart *
tear作为动词时，发[ε?] 7.-ei [ei] eight ; weigh ; weight
-ei [ai] height
-ei [i:] receive
8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey ; survey
-ey重读[i:] key
-ey非重读[i] monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball *-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket 9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few ; knew -ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw
-ew还可以发[?u] sew 10.-ege [id?] college 11.-est [i s t]
biggest ; modest ; happiest; 12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied
-ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished
-ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ; needed （三）元音字母i或y的组合 1.-ie在重读音节中，或在辅音字母前，发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve
-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie 2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night ; light ; bright 3.-ir在重读音节[?:] girl ; firm ; circle ; first ; third 4.-ire在重读音节[‘ai?] fire ; tired ; hire ; retired ; wire 5.-ild [aild] child ; wild 6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind]) 7.-ing [i?] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making 8.-(a)tion [(ei) ?n] nation ; pronunciation ; information ；composition
-stion [t?n] question
-sion [?n]或[?n] mission使命 ; precision精密 9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye 10.-ist[i s t]
list ; fist ; (四)元音字母o的组合 1.-oa在重音时[?u] boat ; coat ; road ; goat ; toad
-oar在重音时[?:] blackboard ; aboard 2.-oi，-oy在重音时[?i] boiler ; point ; join ; oil boy ; toy ; joy ; loyal 3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon ; food ; mood ; boot ; moon *单词room和其他名词构成合成词时，常发短音。如classroom[u]…等等。
在字母k或有时在t，d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book ; took ; foot ; good ； 4.-or在重音时[?:] for ; horse ; important ; morning ; born
-or在字母w后面[?:] work ; word ; world ; worse ; worth (*但是wore ,worn例外，均发[?:]) -or在非重音时[?] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget ; forwards ; forgive ; conductor 5.-oar一般[?:] board ; aboard; blackboard 6.-oor一般[?:]或在美式英语里发[? ?]
door ; floor -oor 还发[u?] poor 7.-ore在重音时[?:] snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest 8.-ou一般[au] shout ; loud ; round ; found -ou还发[?] country ; countryside ；trouble -ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded 9.-ough(t)发[?:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought ; thought (*例外：cough[k ? f]) 10.-oe[?u] toe ; hoe ; Joe 11.-old[?u l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told 12.-ost[?u s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost (*例外cost[? s t]) 13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ; 还发[?:] four ; course ; pour 还发[u?] tour ; gourd -our 在词尾(非重音)[ ?] colour ; neighbour ; favourite 14.-ow在重音时[au] now ; cow ; down ; how ; town -ow在重音或非重音中[?u] low ; yellow ; below ; follow ; grow
tomorrow ; window ; widow ; know ; show （五）元音字母u的组合 1.-u在字母ll或sh之前，或者在字母b,p或f之后，均发[u]
如：full ; bull ; pull ; push ; bush 字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节，u发[u:]
rule ; true ; blue ; June 2.-ue在词尾[ju:] argue ; continue 3.-ui在字母j或r后面时，发[u:] fruit ; juice -ui在字母b或g后面，或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i] 如： build ; guilty ; biscuit (*即就是说字母u不发音) 4.-ur在重音时[?:] turn ; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse 在非重音时[?] surprise ; Saturday -ure在重音时[(j) u?] pure[ju?]
; manure[ju?]
; sure[u?] - ture发[t??] picture ; future ; mixture (II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则 辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下: 1.b在一般情况下[b] back ； big ; lab ; brother b和u在一起，u常发[i] building； build ； busy -bt一般[t] debt ; doubt 2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city ; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ；face ; central c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ; bicycle ; cap ; cut ; class ; c在词尾时也发[k]，但后面有e，那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k] grace[s] ; Bruce[s] -cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim 在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success -ci有时发[?] social
-ch 有三种音[t?][ k]或[?]
如下： [t?] China ; rich ; chick ; chalk [k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical ; ache ; technology [?] machine ; parachute ; moustache
-tch[t?] catch ; match ; fetch ; hatch ; butcher
-ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black ; cock 3.d在一般情况下[d] did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage
-ds发[dz] birds ; hands
dr在元音字母前[dr] dry ; dress ; driver ; drill
-dge一般[d?] bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge 4.f在一般情况下[f] five ; flag ; life ; leaf 5.g在字母e,i或y前面[d?] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age ; energy *例外：give ; forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g] goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass
在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig ; flag
-gn[n]，即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw
-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought [f] laugh ; cough
-dge发[d?] bridge ; knowledge ; judge *gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest ; guard ; guide
而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague 6.h在一般情况下[h] help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino ; exhibition 7.j在一般情况下[d?] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January ; jar ; just 8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick ; kiss ; lock ; knock k后面是n时，k不发音,即kn发[n]
knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge ; knife 9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音，供参考) light ；look ; let ; lab ; live l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音，供参考) cold ；sell ; chalk 10.m在一般情况下[m] meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m]
comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber 11.n在一般情况下[n] in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest n在m后面时，n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column 但后面有后缀或构成合成词，则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist -ng常发[?]或[?g]
发[?] sing ; king ; English ;young 发
[?g] finger ；younger ; language -nk常发[?k] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink ; thank 12.p在一般情况下[p] map ; cap ; people ; pest -ph[f] photo ; phantom ; philosophy ; physics ; phrase 13.que在一般情况下[k] unique ; cheque qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt ; quiet ; quite ; queen 14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ；read ; rest ; around r在辅音字母或词尾前，一般不发音 car ; star ; jar rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric 15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后，一般发[s] 如：see ; some ; set ; sister ; works ; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this 注：一条发音习惯，欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音时，习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音（而书写音标的时候，还是写成清辅音），试举例如下： 如：school---音标[s k u: l]，而习惯念成[s g u: l] street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t] stubborn---音标[‘s t ? b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ? b n] student---音标[‘s t j u: d ? n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ? n t] space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s] steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l] 就是这样，像这样的单词还有很多。这里只列举这么多了。 s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时，发[z] 如：these ; nose ; lose ; rise ; wisdom ; observe 词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后（即在浊音之后），发[z] 如：pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys ; boys 词尾的s在长元音之后，发[z] hers ; yours s还可以发[?] sure ; Russia -sh一般发[?] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift ; fish -sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划) -sion一般情况下[? n] tension ; succession 在元音字母后[? n] decision ; conclusion -sure在元音字母后[? ?] measure ; pleasure 16..t在一般情况下[t] tooth ； cat ; teach ; tool ; hit cut ; let ; ten ; table ; taste ; -th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth ; think ; thigh 发[ð] that ; with ; this ; these ; those -tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip ; trouble ; tree ; street -tion[? n]information ; organization ; pronunciation ; production (*一个例外：question[t? n]) -ture[t? ?] picture ; mixture ; future 17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle ; vase ; valley ; village 18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ; weak ; wisdom wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist ; written wh[h] who ; whom ; whose ; whole wh[w] what ; which ; when ; where ; why aw[?:] draw ; saw ; law ; lawyer ; awful ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew ; knew ; new ow[?u] own ; owner ; low ; slow ; know ; below ow[au] now ; cow ; crown 19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next ; textile 位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时，发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety 20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes ; young 21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zipper |
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