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英语基础语法——定语从句 1. 有关定语从句的概念 4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句 This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。 (3)先行词包括人和物时。 They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事 (4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如： 介词+关系代词 1,单个介词+关系代词(whom, which) 介词确定依据 a依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定 b依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定 The two thing of which they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair. A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops. 2,复杂介词+关系代词(which, whom, whose) 常用复杂介词:as a result, at the back of ,because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of 注意:但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy. There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I can only limp along. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man. 3,单个介词+关系代词(which, whose)+名词 介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定 He lived in time he learned some English. Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching. 4,the+名词+of+关系代词(which, whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系 This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr Jones. =This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr Jones. =This is the book, of which the cover is designed by Mr Jones. 5,部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词 部分词汇/结构: 1,all, both, none ,neither ,either, many, most, few, several, enough, half, some, any , one, two, three, the majority, a number, the youngest, 2,数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词 3, the+形容词最高级/比较级 Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose. The football team has 15 members ,the oldest of whom is 25 years old. 在中学英语课本中出现了许多介词+关系代词构成的从句或动词不定式充当后置定语的结构。在此结构中，介词有很多，但关系代词最常见的是：which，whom，whose等。Which 指物， whom 指人， whose 既指人又指物。那介词又是根据什么来确定的呢？ 介词主要是根据先行词（名词或代词）或从句中的谓语动词或固定搭配来确定的。下面简要列举中学课本中常见的介词+关系代词结构，以供同学们在复习时参考。 1． 介词+which 表时间、地点或原因，代替关系副词 when、where、why： 1）I still remember the day on which （=when）I went to Beijing. 2）The factory in which （=where ）I work is a large one. 3) This is the reason for which (=why ) he was late for school. 2. 介词词组+关系代词(which 指物 , whom 指人),表示存在关系。关系分句中须主谓倒置。 1） They arrived at a farmhouse ，in front of which sat an old man. 2） I saw a woman， on the head of whom stood a bird. 3．不定代词或数词+介词 of which (指物), whom (指人),说明整体中的部分关系. 1) 2) There are a great many students here ,none of whom like the film. 3) He has five children ,all of whom are Party members. 4) Those foreign teachers , most of whom have never been to 5) There are many kinds of birds in 4. 介词+which (指物),whom (指人), 作分句中的目的、方式、地点状语等。这种结构中的介词一般为动词所支配。 1）Could you tell me the man for whom you have bought this coat? 2) He built a transparent wall through which he could observe what went on inside. 3) The man , from whom I learned the news ,is an engineer. 5. 介词 by +which (指物),whom (指人), 在被动结构中表明动作的发出者. 1）The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 2) The man by whom the wolf was shot is a good hunter. 6. of which 代替whose ，指物 ，用作分句中的 后置定语。 1）I saw some trees ， the leaves of which （=whose leaves ）were black with disease。 2） He mentioned a book ， the title of which （=whose title ） I have forgotten。 7． 介词+which （指物），whose （指人），作前置定语，修饰后面的中心词。 1） It rained all night and all day ，during which time the ship broke into pieces。 2）The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the map。 8．介词+which +动词不定式。 1） She had only 1.87 dollars with which to buy Jim a present。（=to buy Jim a present） 2） At last there was something about which to write home。 （=to write home about） 强化练习： 1．A good ad often uses words_____people attach positive meanings。 A．in which B to which C。 for which on which 2．Dr Curtis Welch discovered that some children had a terrible disease_____he had no medicine。 A．by which B。 on which C。 for which D。to which 3．There were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs ______they both took great pride。 A． in which B。 for which C。 of which D。 on which 4. Do you know the reason ______he didn’t come here? A. of it B. for it C. which D. for which 5. The book, the cover,______is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for it C. in where D. of which 6. Have you found the cave _______the bear is hibernating? A. for that B. in which C. in where D. of which 7. I used to live in a house,_______grew a tall tree. A. in front of it B. in front of which C. in the front of which D.in the front of it 8．The boss paid us 10 dollars for washing ten cars，_____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least half a year. A. most of these B. most of them C. most of that D. most of which 9.Do you know the man _______I shook hands? A. with which B. for whom C. to whom D. with whom 10.This is the worker, _____the book was written. A. who B. whom C. of whom D. by whom 11.I like the way______he talks and laughs. A. which B. when C. in which D. for which 12. These are the tools______to work. A.with them B. by these C. by which D. with which 13．In the new city there wasn't a single person_____the poor boy could turn for help. A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 14．She was educated at Beijing University ，_____she went on to have her advanced study abroad. A.after that B.from which C. from that D. after which 15.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone______family was poor. A. of whom the B. whom C. of whose D.the 16. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop______to produce the works of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how 17. I have many friends ,_____some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom 18. My aunt,_______life was hard, earned little money. A. for whose B. for which C. for who D. for whom 解析：1。B。attach----to-----为固定搭配。2。C。for 表目的，即had no medicine for a terrible disease。3。A。take pride in 为固定词组。4。D。for 表原因，for which =why 5。D。the cover of which =whose cover of 表示所属关系，即书的封面。 6。 B。in 表地点，即the bear is hibernating in the cave。 7。B。此结构表示存在关系。在房子的前面（非包含关系）用 in front of ，而 in the front of 则表包含关系。如：房子前面有一块黑板（黑板在房子里面），译文为：There is a blackboard in the front of a house。 8。D。most of which 是复杂介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。若most 前加 and 或把逗号改为分号，则需选B。9。D。shake hands with sb。为固定搭配。 10。D。此句为被动结构，即the book was written by the worker。11。C。先行词way表示方式、方法，后面的引导词可用in which 或 that 或 省略。12。D。 with 表示用具体的工具，in 表示抽象概念。如：He can write in pen。Or He can write with a pen。13。D.turn to sb. for help 为固定句式,意思是“求助于”。14.D. 句意为:：他在北京大学受的教育,之后继续出国深造。主句谓语动词是 educate 而非 graduate ,因此不能用 from which 。15。A。 of whom the family =the family of whom =whose family 16。B。在含有将来意义的定语从句中，可以省略主语和谓语的一部分（主要是情态动词和助动词），而代之以“介词+关系代词+动词不定式”的形式，叫做定语从句的 省略形式。17。 D。 some 与friends 之间构成整体与部分的关系，相当于简单句some of them are businessmen。但由于是主从复合句则需要使用具有连接作用的关系代词whom。of whom 表示在许多朋友当中。18。 D。句意为：我姨妈挣钱很少，对她而言日子很难过。如果选 for whose 那么whose life 将成为 for 的宾语，句子就没有主语了。因此应选whom 作for 的宾语。for 在此意思为“对---而言”。 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句大练兵 一. 单项选择题. 1. I will never forget the days-----I spent together with my grandparents in my hometown. A. that B.in which C.when D.on which 2. She has read the poem----the teacher is speaking. A. which B.about which C.to which D.of which 3. Her parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone----family was poor. A. of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 4. This is the reason----he will leave this company. A. for that B.which C.for which D.that 5. Do you know the gentleman----Mr. Green is talking? A. whom B.with whom C.who D.that 6. The book, the cover----is broken, is not mine. A. of it B.for which C.which D.of which 7. There is a hole here----the mouse can enter my room. A. by which B.in which C.across which D.through which 8. Her sister works at the market----sells vegetables and fruits. A. where B.in which C.at which D.which 9. There were three students in the classroom, one of----father worked in the school was our monitor. A. whose B.whom C.whom whose D.whose whom 10. The boy, ----could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on. A. the tall of whom B.the tallest of whom C.the tallest one D.the taller of them 11. The hotel----during my holidays stands by the seaside. A.I stayed at B.which I stayed at it C.where I stayed at D.at that I stayed 12. There are 65 clerks in the company, ----30 are girls. A. more than B.less than C.among them D.of whom 13. Thank you very much for----you have done for my sister. A. that B.which C.if D. what 14. His glasses, ----he was like a blind man, were missing. A. without them B.that C.with which D.without which 15.The factory produces half a million cars every year and 80％----are sold abroad. A. of which B.which C.of them D.those 16. Because of the traffic jam----I was caught, I was late for school yesterday. A. by which B.in which C.that D.in it 17. A modern city has been set up in----was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B.which C.that D.where 18. American women usually identify their best friends as someone----they can talk frequently. A. with who B.whom C.about which D.with whom 19. The journey around the world took the old sailor ten months,----the sailing time was 254 days. A. of which B.during which C.from which D.for which 20. Many young people are eager to get jobs with that company----products sell well both at home and abroad. A. with B.whose C.where D.in which 21.Privatization(私营化)is thought to be beneficial----it promotes competition. A. in which B.in that C.which D.that 22. It rained all night, ----time Mary found water coming in through the roof of his house. A. which B.during which C.that D.during that 23. Where is the boy----you have bought the English-Chinese dictionary? A. who B.whom C.for whom D.all the above 24. The picture----a house and flowers is the one I like best. A. in which there has B.has C.where there is D.there are 25. He reminded me of the day----we had appointed A. which B.on which C.by which D.when [参考答案] ADDCB, DDDCB, ADDDC, BDDBB, BBDCA. 二.用适当的介词+关系代词填空. 1. You need permission, ---- ----you can’t take the magazines out of the reading room. 2. This is the right way---- ----you can work out the maths problem. 3. The last place---- ----we stayed was the English Club. 4. The only thing---- ----I am not sure is grammar. 5. He gave me a lot of books, ---- ----the one about Lu Xun is the most instructive. 6. The teachers were talking about Jim, one---- ----problems was poor study habit. 7. 8. The pen---- ----he was writing broke. 9. The young fellow, ---- ----my bike was repaired, is a friend of mine. 10. The news---- ----we were surprised came yesterday. 11. That is the old evening dress---- ----she often goes to the ball. 12. This is the newspaper---- ----I have learned the news. 13. At last they found the boat---- ----they came to the island. 14. Then came the exam---- ----we had well prepared. 15. That is the problem---- ----I have spent lots of time. [参考答案] 1. Without which 2.in which 3.at which 4.about which 5.among which 6. Of whose 7.in which 8.with which 9.by whom 10.at which 11. In which 12.from which 13.in which 14.for which 15.on which |
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