一、名 词 表示某一事物,有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。 强调:不可数名词都默认为单数,所以总是用is或者was;最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断,以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”: a.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ;读音:清辅音后读,浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 b.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ;读音:[iz]。 c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries ;读音:[z]。 d.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives ,thief-thieves;读音:[z]。 e.以“o”结尾的词,分两种情况 1)有生命的+es 读音:[z] 如:mango-mangoes 2) 无生命的+s 读音:[z] 如:photo-photos f. 不规则名词复数:man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,snowman-snowmen,mouse-mice,child-children,foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不可数名词没有复数。如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量,就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。例如:a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice 判断步骤: 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 练一练: 1、写出下列各词的复数。 I _________ him _________ this _______ 2、用所给名词的正确形式填空。 (1)Are there two( box ) on the table? (2)I can see some ( people ) in the cinema. (3)How many ( day ) are there in a week? (4)Here’re five( bottle ) of (5)This( violin ) is hers. Those( grape ) are over there. 二、冠 冠词是一种虚词,不能独立使用,通常放在名词的前面,分为“不定冠词”和“定冠词”两种。 ____ “U” 三,数 词 我们学过两类:基数词和序数词。基数用于表示数量多少,而基数词用于表示次序,常在日期中出现。区别:基数词前面没有“the”;序数词前一定要有“the”。 如:两碗米饭 数词。如:88 (9)11+7 四、代 代词有两种:人称代词和物主代词。 用于动词、介词后。
练一练: 2、想一想,把下表补充完整。
3、用所给词的适当形式填空。 五、形容词、副词 1、形容词表示某一事物或人的特征,副词表示某一动作的特征。形容词和副词有三种形式:原形、比较级、最高级。比较级:+er 2、形容词、副词比较级的规则变化如下: (1)一般直接+er。如:tall - taller, fast - faster 单音节词如果以-e结尾,只加-r。如:late - later (2)重读闭音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须双写这个字母,再加-er。如:big - bigger, (3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-er。如:heavy - heavier, early - earlier (4)双音节和多音节词的比较级应在原级前加more构成。如:beautiful - more beautiful, careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting (5)有些不规则变化的,须逐一加以记忆。如:good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder… 练一练: 1、写出下列形容词、副词的比较级。 big 2、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think. 2) Look! His hands are _______ 3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates. 4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine? 5) Does Jim run as _______(slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them. 6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I have ten. 7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class. 8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me. 9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here. 六、介 1、一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分,它只有跟它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语,才能在句子中起作用。 有:in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of, from…to…, at the back of… 2、表示时间的介词有:at, on, in。 (1)at表示“在某一个具体的时间点上”,或用在固定词组中。如:at ten o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend… (2)on表示“在某日或某日的时间段”。如:on Friday, on the first of October, on Monday morning… (3)in表示“在某一段时间(月份、季节)里”。如:in the afternoon, in September, in summer, in 2005… 3、in一词还有其他的固定搭配,如:in blue(穿着蓝色的衣服),in English(用英语表达),take part in(参加)。 练一练: 1、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。 1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English? 2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December. 3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father. 4) He doesn’t do well 5) Look at those birds 6) We are going to meet 7) Is there a cat 8) Helen’s writing paper is 9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now. 10) Does it often rain 2、圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词,并将正确的答案写在横线上。 1) Jim is good in English and Maths. 3) They are talking to their plans. 5) Women’s Day is at the third of March. 7) Did you water trees at the farm? 9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning. 七、动 这里所说的动词是指各种动词总称,其中包括be动词、情态动词、助动词、行为动词(就是我们平时总说的那种动词)。动词、名词和形容词不太容易区分,如不能一眼看出,可用如下方法:先用“一(量词)”(如:一个、一张等)和这个词连起来说,如说得通,一般认为是名词;说不通再用“很”去判断,就是把“很”和为个词连起来说,说得通一般就是形容词;都说不通就是动词。(目前我们学过的,以后可能不同)(另外一些很明显的,如人称代词、数词、情态动词等一下就可以知道) 1、be动词( am, is, are, was, were ) 1)am—was, is –was, are--were 口诀:我用am, 你用are, is用在他她它,所有复数全用are。 2)肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room. My hair is(not)long. Her eyes are(not) small. 3)一般疑问句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t. 4)be动词的否定形式:am not(没有缩写形式),are not = aren’t ,is not = isn’t 。 用恰当的be动词填空。 练一练: 1)I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy? No, I _____ not. 3)The dog _______ tall and fat. 5)______ your brother in the classroom? 7)Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 9)Whose socks ______ they? 11)The jeans ______ on the desk. 13)Here ______ some sweaters for you. 15)This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling. 17)Some tea ______ in the glass. 19)My sister's name ______Nancy. 25)You, he and I ______ from China. 26)There _______ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park. 2、助动词( do, does, did ) do, does用于一般现在时,其过去式did用于一般过去时。它们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。它们的否定形式:do not = don’t, does not = doesn’t, did not = didn’t。 注意:在一般现在时中,does用于第三人称单数,其余一律用助动词do;助动词do, does, did后面一定要用动词原形。 练习 1、用适当的助动词填空。 1) ______you like this magazine? 2) The girl______like bread for breakfast. 3) ---What ______ she ______ at the weekends? ---She usually plays games with her friends. 4) ---Wha______ you do last Sunday? ---I wrote to my friend. 5) ---Did you see a Beijing opera? ---No, I ______. 6) He ______not visit a farm last National Day holiday. 7) They______ not like playing volleyball. 8) --- ______Jim have a picnic with his family every Saturday? ---Yes, he 9) ______Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day? 10) ---How many kites ______we have? ---We have ten. 2、找出下列句子中的错误,将序号填入题前括号内,并改正。 ( ( ( A ( ( 3、情态动词 情态动词也是一类特殊的动词,平时我们不把它说成是动词。情态动词可以和行为动词同时出现在同一个句子中。 我们现在学过的情态动词有:can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must。 注意:情态动词后动词总是用原形。(不受其他任何条件影响)其否定形式:can not = can’t, must not = mustn’t, … 练一练: 选择填空。 ( ( ( ( ( ( A、一般直接加“s”,如:play – plays, visit – visits, speak – speaks ; B、以“s”,“x”,“sh”,“ch”结尾时,加“es”,如:catch – catches, watch – watches ; C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“es”,如:carry – carries, study – studies 。 (2)现在分词(动名词)构成规则: A、一般直接加“ing”,如:go – going, do – doing, look – looking ; B、以不发音的“e”结尾的单词,去“e” 加“ing”,如:take – taking, make – making, have – having ; C、以重读闭音节结尾的词,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,需要双写这个字母再加“ing”,如: put – putting, stop – stopping, run – running, get – getting, swim – swimming, sit – sitting, begin – beginning, jog – jogging, forget – forgetting 。 (3)过去式构成规则: A、一般直接加“ed”,如:plant – planted, visit – visited, pick – picked ; B、以不发音字母“e”结尾,直接加“ed”,如:like – liked, hope – hoped, taste – tasted ; C、以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变“y”为“i”再加“ed”,如:try – tried, carry – carried, study – studied ; D、有些动词要双写最后一个字母,再加“ed”,如:stop – stopped ; E、还有很多动词的过去式是不规则的,请记忆: 是-am(be)-was-being; 成为-become-became-becoming;开始-begin-began-beginning; 吹-blow-blew-blowing; 捕捉-catch-caught-catching;选择-choose-chose-choosing;来-come-came-coming; 切-cut-cut-cutting;做-do, does-did-doing;画-draw-drew-drawing;饮-drink-drank-drinking; 吃-eat-ate-eating;感觉-feel-felt-feeling;发现-find-found-finding;飞-fly-flew-flying; 忘记-forget-forgot-forgetting;得到-get-got-getting;给-give-gave-giving;走-go-went-going; 成长-grow-grew-growing;有-have, has-had-having;听-hear-heard-hearing; 受伤-hurt-hurt-hurting;保持-keep-kept-keeping;知道-know-knew-knowing;学习-learn-learned, learnt-learning;允许,让-let-let-letting;躺-lie-lay-lying;制造-make-made-making; 可以-may-might----;意味-mean-meant-meaning;会见 -meet-met-meeting;必须-must-must----;放置-put-put-putting;读-read-read-reading;骑、乘-ride-rode-riding;响、鸣-ring-rang-ringing;跑-run-ran-running;说-say-said-saying;看见-see-saw-seeing;将-shall-should----; 唱歌-sing-sang-singing;坐下-sit-sat-sitting;睡觉-sleep-slept-sleeping;说-speak-spoke-speaking; 度过-spend-spent-spending 。 练一练: 1、写出下列动词的第三人称单数。 drink __________go ____________stay __________make __________look __________ have _________pass __________carry __________come ___________watch __________ plant _________fly ________study ________brush _________ do ___________teach____________ take__________ see__________ 2、写出下列动词的现在分词。 put __________give __________fly _________get run ________plant _________take ___________swim _________ask ___________ stop __________take _________write __________have __________smoke _________ think__________ want__________ tell__________ 3、写出下列动词的过去式。 isam _________fly _______plant ________are ________drink _________play _______ go ________make ________does _________dance ________worry ___________ ask ________taste _________eat __________draw ________put ______throw ________ kick _________pass _______do 4、用动词的适当形式填空。 (1)I ______to school from Monday to Friday. My brother often _______to school with me. Yesterday we_______to school together. We like _______to school very much. (2)They usually _____lunch at home. But last week, they ____lunch at school. (3)That__my English book. It__new. But now it ___not here. It ___there a moment ago. (4)My sister likes ________very much. She often _______at our school festival. Last term, she _______a lot of songs in the school hall. She _____beautifully. (5)What _____ he usually ______on Sunday? He usually _____his homework. Look! He _____his homework now. (6)Do people usually_____ moon cakes at Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, they do. Did you ____moon cakes last Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, I did. I___a lot of delicious moon cakes. ( eat ) 八、there/here be结构 1、there be结构表示“某时、某地存在着什么事物或人”,包括there is、there are、there was、there were。 here be结构与它类似,用法也完全相同,只不过是表示“这里存在着什么事物或人”。 2、和have、has、had的区别: (1)There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) ;而have、has、had表示:某人拥有某物。 (2)在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is;主语是复数,be 动词用are;如有几件物品,be 动词根据最近be 动词的那个名词决定——“就近原则”。 (3)there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 (4)there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。 (5)some和any在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。 (6)and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。 (7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? (8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: What’s + 介词短语? (9)There be结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。 练一练: 1、用恰当的be动词填空。 1) There ______ four seasons in a year. 2) There 3) --- 4) ---How many stops ______there? ---There______only one. 5) There ______not any stamps on the envelope. 6) 7) There______ 8) There ______only three of us: my dad, my mum and me. 9) Here ______some bread for you. 10) In New York, there 2、选用“have, has, had, there is, there are, there was, there were”填空。 1) I ______a good father and a good mother. 3) He ______a tape-recorder. 5) They ______ a nice garden. 7) 9) ______any books in the bookcase? 11) 13) My parents ______some nice pictures. 15) 17) __________ many children on the hill. 九、some,any的用法 some用于肯定句;any用于否定句和一般疑问句。请注意看例句后扩号中说明的用法。 例:There is some water in the glass. (肯定句) There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句) There aren’t any lamps in the study.(否定句) Are there any maps on the wall?(一般疑问句) Would you like some orange juice? (希望得到肯定回答) Do you want to take any photos at the party? (一般疑问句) 练一练: 选用some或any填空。 1) There isn’t ______milk in the fridge. 2) I can see______cars, but I can’t see______buses. 3) He has ______ friends in England. 4) Were there 5) Here are 6) Does Tom want to take ______ photos? 7) Is there______rice in the kitchen? 8) There are______new buildings in our school. 9)---Would you like______ cakes? ---No, I’d not like ______cakes, but I’d like ______coffee. 10) ---Are there______pictures on the wall? ---No, there aren’t ______pictures. 十、动词不定式 1、to加动词原形构成一种非谓语形式,在这里不是介词,无词义。 如:I want to make a New Year card. 2、to保留原来动词的一些特征,它可以带自己的宾语和状语等。 如:To get there faster, you can take bus No.5. 3、to前有时带疑问词what, when, where, which, why, how等。 如:He’s asking Yang Ling how to get there. 总而言之,一定要记住:to后面用动词原形。 练一练: 1、用扩号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1) People would like 2) It’s time 3) I want 4) The thief began 5) Please shouw me how 6) Would you like 7) Don’t forget 8) She was very glad 9) Please remember 10) I’m sorry 2、圈出下列句子中的错误,并改正。 1) Would you like go camping with us? 2) Helen, show ux how drawing a square. 3) I want to writes a letter to my penfriend. 4) It’s time for us go to school. 5) Liu Tao wants to showing Peter’s photos to his mum. 十一、动名词 其实就是动词的“现在分词”。它既有“名词性质”(可作主语),又具有动词性质(可带宾语)。 如:Please keep quiet in the reading room. 还有我们的一些课题:Asking the way中是“名词性质”; My hobby is collecting stamps.中是“动词性质”,带了宾语stamps. 1、remember(记住)后面跟动名词,表示“记得做过某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“记得要去做某事”。如: I remember posting the letter today. Please remember to post the letter today. 2、forget(忘记)后面跟动名词,表示“忘记做过某事(实际做过)”;跟to+动词原形,表示“忘记去做某事(实际没做)”。如: I forget doing homework this morning. I forget to do homework this morning. 3、stop(停止)后面跟动名词,表示“停止做某事”;跟to+动词原形,表示“停止正在做的事,而去做别的事”。如: Stop smoking, please. We are tired. Let’s stop to have a rest. 4、like(喜欢)后面跟动名词,表示一个人的爱好和习惯,意思是“喜欢干某事”;跟to+动词原形,常用于would like to do something,表示“某人想要、愿意干某事”。如: I like taking a walk after supper every day. I would like to have some chips. 练一练: 1、用扩号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 1) 2) It’s sunny today. Let’s go 3) Do you like 4) Are you good at 5) Where is the 6) Would you like to go 7) My hobby is 8) Su Hai likes 2、选择扩号内动词的适当形式填空。 1) I’m sorry 2) Jim is good at 3) Shall we go 4) Today, my work is 5) I’m going 6) I like 7) Would you like 8) Jim is asking Liu Tao how |
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