《英语语法句法窍门》之46讲:巧记关系词用法 如何正确选择关系词(关系代词和关系副词)是学习定语从句的关键问题。关系词的选择要根据它在定语从句中的语法作用来确定,因此掌握关系词的用法是学习定语从句的最根本问题。下面的歌诀会帮助你快速而牢固地记住关系词在定语从句中的一般用法: 关系词,引定从,它们用法各不同。 主句型,从句型,两个句子要完整。 从句紧靠先行词,关系代(副)词引导要分清。 关系代词有that,定人定物均可用。 who和whom来指人,分作主、宾要记清; whose一词还真行,指人指物都管用; 介词须和which连。that不能用于非限定; 定时间,用 when引,地点状语where用; 表示原因,要用why,why后省去关系词。 as用作主或宾,修饰全句或部分。 常和such,the same连(用),固定搭配要记清。 关系词,易选中,从句之中定功能。 说明: ①这则歌诀中所说的是关系代词或副词在定语从句中的一般用法。在大家掌握了关系词的一般用法后,再去记忆只能用that或which引导的定语从句的特殊规则。 ②as作为关系词也比较特殊,需注意。 ③最后两句话说的是:选择关系词时要根据它在定语从句中的语法作用来确定。 下面将定语从句的重点、难点进行归纳,请读者结合歌诀比较、记忆、掌握这一语言点。 (1)在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但下列情况例外。 1)通常只用that而不用which的情况 ①当先行词是不定代词all,everything,anything,noth-ing,much,few,little,none,the one等时。如: All that can be done has been done. I mean the one that was bought yesterday. ②先行词前面有 only,any,few,one of,little,no,all,ev-ery,very,same等词修饰时。如: There is no difficult that we can’t overcome. She had been saving every cent that she could formonths. ③先行词被序数词(first,last,next等)或形容词的最高级修饰时。如: The first request that he made was to ask the king forhis freedom. This machine is the oldest one that has ever been builtin our factory. ④当先行词既有人又有物时(也不能用who或whom)。如: The speaker talked of some writers and books that wereunknown to us. ⑤当被修饰的成分是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时。如: It’s a book that will help you a great deal. My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be. ⑥为了避免重复,主句里已有疑问词which,句子里要用that。如: Which is the car that overtook(超过) us yesterday? ⑦主句以 There be开头时。如: There is a seat in the corner that is still free. ⑧被修饰的成分为数词时。如: Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 2)只用which不用that的情况 ①在非限定性的定语从句中。如: They have three houses,which are built of stone. ②当关系代词前面有介词时。如: This is the room in which they live. 说明: 上述两点若指人,则只能用who(whom),而不能用that。如: He has two sons,who are both in the army. He is the boy with whom your son drank last night. ③当先行词本身是that时。如: What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? ④当关系代词后面带有插入语时。如: Here is the English grammar book which,as I have toldyou,will help improve your English. (2)在定语从句中,关系代词指人时,不用that而用who的有以下几种: 1)先行词是one,ones或anyone时。如: The comrade I want to learn from is one who studieshard and works well. Anyone who fails to finsih the task given should be crit-icized. 2)先行词为those或被those修饰时。如: Those who learn not only from books but also throughpractice will succeed. 3)在there be开头的句子中。如: There is a comrade outside who wants to meet you. 4)当先行词有较长的后置定语时。如: Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on herback whois working in the fields? (3)在定语从句中,whose作定语,其先行词既可以是人,也可以是物。如: Comrade Lei Feng was a great communist fighter whose death was weightier than Mount Tai. Where is the window whose glass is broken? (4)在定语从句中,关系副词when,where,why与which,that的关系如下: 1)如果从句中的谓语动词为及物动词,而又无宾语,则when与where不能引导定语从句,这时须改为that或which。如: July 1,1921 is the day that(=which)we Chineseshould always remember. This is the place that(=which)they visited last year. 2)如果从句的谓语动词是不及物动词,则可用when,where或why,或用“介词+which”。如: I still remeber the day when(=on which)I first camehere. This is the room where(=in which)Lu Xun oncelived. A nother reason why(=for which)he works hard isthat he has to pass the exam. (5)在非限制性定语从句中,as与which的用法比较: 1)两者都可替代整个主句或其中某部分的词,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。如果由它们引起的从句在主句之后,则它们的用法是相同的。如: He failed in the exam,as=(which) is natural.(替代整个主句,作从句中的主语) Grammar is not a set of dead rules,which(=as) I havesaid before.(替代整个主句,在从句中作宾语) She seems a scientist,as(=which) in fact she is.(替代scientist,在从句中作表语) 2)which与as的用法不同之处: ①如果从句在主句之前,关系词用as而不用which。如: As we all know,his parents were killed in the accident. ②as代表前面全句意思时,有“正如”的含义,而which没有此含义。如: We won the maths,as we had expected. He agreed to the plan,as was to be expected. ③在连词 the same…as…与 such…as…中 which不能替换as。如: Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face. This is the same book as you bought yesterday.(这本书与你昨天买的书是同一类书。) (同类而不是同一本书) 比较:This is the same book that you bought yesterday.(同一本书) ④如果从句里的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则只能用which,不可用as引导。如: The young man cheated his friend of much money,which was disgraceful(不光彩的). |
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