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Unit 6 How long have you
been collecting shells? 一、词汇聚焦 (一)、单词拓展 1. collect（v.）-----collector（n.）-----collection（n.） 2. anyone任何人，为不定代词，由any+one合成。 e.g.
anyone，anybody，anything，anywhere，someone，somebody，something，somewhere，everyone，everybody，everything，everywhere，no one，nobody，nothing，nowhere 3. skate（v.）-----skater（n.）-----skating（n.） 4. Australia澳大利亚-----Australian澳大利亚人Aussia俄罗斯-----Aussian俄罗斯人 America美国-----American美国人 Europe欧洲-----European欧洲人 Asia亚洲-----Asian亚洲人 5. certain（副词）certainly 6．quite（同义词）very 7．foreign（名词）foreigner 8．several（同义词）some 9．writer（动词） writer 三、重、难点句型 1. How long have you been skating？你滑多长时间了？ I
have been skating for five hours. 我已经滑了五个小时了。 2. How long did Sam skate？萨姆滑了多长时间？
He skated for four hours.他滑了四个小时。 （注意：句1用现在完成进行时，句2用一般过去时。） 3. I’ve been skating since I was seven
years old. 我从七岁起就一直滑冰。 4. Alison was the first one to start. 艾莉森是第一个开始滑的。 5. Thanks for sending me the snow globe of
the monster. 谢谢你寄给我的怪兽圣诞球。 6. The more I learn about Chinese history，the more I
enjoy living in China.我对中国历史了解越多，就越喜欢在中国生活。 Unit 7
Would you mind turning down the music? 词汇聚焦 （一）、单词拓展 annoy ①annoyed: 形容词 主语通常是人（表示人的状态） ②annoying: 形容词
主语通常是物（令人恼火的） Annoy: vt使生气；what annoyed you?什么让你生气了？ I annoyed that someone took away my book
without telling me. 有人没有告知我便拿走了我的书，我很恼火. It is annoying that someone took away my
book without telling me. get annoyed:感到生气（恼火） be annoyed with sb:生某人的气 line:排，行① in line:成一直线 ② wait in line :排队等候 ③cut in line :插队 polite：形容词,有礼貌的 politely:副词，礼貌地 impolite:无礼地（反义词） It′s polite of sb to do
sth:某人做……是有礼貌的. It′s very polite of us
to help others;我们帮助他人是有礼貌的. perhaps →副词，maybe∕probably,或许，大概 return →give back 归还 6.pay,spend,cost,与take:都有花费之意 ①花费金钱可以表示为： Sb+pays(paid)+金钱数＋for+sth
,(pay…for) sb+spends(spend)+金钱数＋(in)buying+sth
,[spend… (in)doing] sb+ spends(spend)+金钱数＋on+sth
,(spend…on) sth+costs(cost)+sb＋金钱数,(cost) ②花费时间可以表示为： sb+spends(spend)+时间段＋(in)doing+sth
,[spend… (in)doing] sb+ spends(spend)+ 时间段＋on+sth
,(spend…on) It takes(took)+sb+时间段+to do
sth. 如：学生们打扫卫生用了半小时可译为： The students spend half an hour (in)
cleaning the classroom. The students spend half an hour on the
classroom. It took the students half an hour to clean
the classroom. 7.keep…down:控制，抑制 keep
your voice down. 8.allow:允许，准许 allow sb to do
sth:允许某人干某事. 9.public:名词，公众，民众. In public: 公开地，当众 10. ①take care 意为“小心，当心，注意”即同： be careful ②take care of与 look after 同义 11.haircut:理发give sb haircut=cut
one′s hair The barber gave Tom a haircut= The barber
cut Tom′s hair. 12. ①happen to sb:事情发生在某人身上. What happened to Jim?=what′s the matter
with Jim? ② happen to do sth: 碰巧干某事. What happened to meet my friend Jim in the
street yesterday. 13. help sb (to) do sth=help sb with sth; 帮助某人干某事＝在某方面帮助某人. 二.重难点解析 1.doing sth is +形∕名：做某事是……的事，其中doing sth动名词短语做主语. 还可以表示为：It is +形∕名＋to do sth. 如：learning English well isn′t difficult. =it is not difficult to learn
English well. 2. It is better to keep our voice down in
public.在公共场所最好低声说话. It is +形+to do sth: It is better to give them to receive;奉献总比索取好. It is the best to open the door first ;最好先把门打开. 3.take care to do sth:take care(not) to do
sth.当心（不要）做某事. 4.possible 形容词，可能的，反义词
impossible You should speak English as much as
possible every day. 你应当每天尽可能地多说英语. I will help you with your homework if
possible 如果我能，我将帮助你做作业. 注：以上两句中“as possible ”“ if possible”的可替换为“as you can”和“If I can”. 5.be careful;小心，当心 be careful of + 名或名词性短语； you
should be careful of your health. be careful of +从句；The girl
is care of what she does. 这个女孩对她的所作所为很小心. Although he was very tied ,he went on
working.= He was very tired, but went on working. 他尽管很累，但是仍然继续工作. 注：汉语中表示转折的关联词有“虽然……但是”“尽管……却”，但在英语中，表示转折时，这些关联词不能同时跟but出现在一个句子中. 三、句型概览 1.① would you mind
doing sth?请你做…… ② would you mind not doing sth? 请你不要做…… would you mind cleaning the yard? would you mind not playing football here? 2. could you please+…… could you please wash the dishes? Ok ,I′ll do them
in a minute. 3. Dropping litter is almost never allowed.
4. It is better to keep your voice down in
public places. 5. We should else take care not to cough or
sneeze loudly in public. 在公众场合我们也应该当心不要大声咳嗽或打喷嚏. Unit 8 Why don’t you get her a scarf? 一、词汇聚焦 (一)、单词拓展 1.person形容词 personal 2.special 副词
specially 3.give过去式 gave 4.mouse复数 mice 5.child复数 children 6.advantage 反义词disadvantage 7.give过去式 given 8.nearly 同义词almost 9.sing 过去式sang 10.clearly形容词
clear 11.suggest名词 suggestion 12.drive名词 driver 13.cheap 反义词expensive 14.interesting反义词
boring 15.lucky名词 luck 16. friend 形容词friendly 17.agree 反义词disagree 18.good最高级 best 19.care形容词 careful 二、语法详解 1. What should I get my mom for her
birthday ？ get 得到，买 get sb sth =get sth for sb 给某人买某物 类似的动词有 buy sb sth = buy sth for sb
make sb sth = make sth for sb 为某人制做……
cook sb sth = cook sth for
sb 为某人做……饭 其它动词，如 give ，pass， bring，show 等常在间接宾语后加 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人给某物 pass sb sth = pass sth to sb 给某人递某物 bring sb sth = bring sth to sb 给某人带某物 show sb sth =show sth to sb 给某人展示某物 Would you please pass the salt to me ？ 你能把盐递给我吗？ He should all his photos taken during the May
Day holidays to us. 他把他五一期间照的相都展示给我们看。 2. Why don`t you get her a camera ？ 表示提议，建议的句型有：
* Why not do sth 为什么不做……？ Why not buy a scarf ？ * Why don`t
you do sth ？ Why
don`t you go shopping with your mother ？ *Shall we do sth ？我们做什么吗？ Shall we help the old man clean the yard ？
*You had better （not）do sth 你最好做某事 You `d better take care of yourself 。
*What /how about sth / doing sth“……怎么样” How
/What about going fish with me ？
*Would you like to do sth 你想去做某事 Woild you like to join the club ？ 3. Isn`t he beautiful？ 他难道不漂亮吗？ 否定疑问句表示说话者的一种语气，如强烈的认同，称赞，或责备，生气，愤怒等。
Can`t you do it yourself ？
你难道自己不能做它吗？
Haven`t you given it to him ？你难道还把它没有给它吗？ 4. I think a dog is good pet for a
6—year—old child. 6—year—old 六岁大的， 在句中做定语。
6 years old 六岁， 在句中只能做表语 。 例如： He is six years old. 5. Dogs are too difficult to take care of.
too …to “
太……而不能”可以用 so…that 来代替，
或者用not …enough to do
sth She is too young to go to school. =She is not old enough to go to school. =She is so young that she can`t go to
school. 三、重、难点解析 1. I made her a special pig house.我该她制作了一个特别的猪窝。 =I made a special pig house for her. 2. Sometimes I don`t have enough time to
spend with her. enough 当形容词讲时，修饰名词，可放在名词前面或后面。当副词江时，修饰形容词和副词时，要放在修饰词后。 spend money/time（in）doing
sth 某人在做某事方面花费多少时间或金钱。 spend money/ time on sth 某人在某事方面花费多少时间或金钱 He spent all his life on education.他把一生用在教育上。 They will spend 5 million （in）building a
hospital. 他们将花费5百万建一所医院。 I spent my weekend reading and fishing. 我把周末用在读书和钓鱼。 pay for ； cost ； spend pay for “负担……费用，付款……”主语为人 。 I paid ten dollars for the book.= The book
cost me ten dollars. cost 价值（若干）；主语为物。 I spent five yuan on the book.= The book
cost me ten yuan. 3.
rather than / instead of 两者意思相近，但用法不同。 rather than “是……而不是”通常连接两个并列成分 They were screaming rather than singing. instead of
“代替；而不是”是一个介词短语，后接名词，代词和动名词。 I will go to your birthday party instead of
my brother. 4. besides /except 都表示“除……之外” besides “除……之外，还有”它的宾语被包括在所表示的范围之内 。 We
all went on a trip besides him. except “除……之外，其余都……”它的宾语不包括在所表示的范围内。 All the students went to the movies except
li ming. 5.
encourage sb to sth 鼓励某人做某事。 This kind of contest encourage people in
china to speak English. 6. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don’t you + do
sth.? 如：Why don’t you go shopping? ③Why not + do
sth. ? 如：Why not go
shopping? ④Let’s + do
sth. 如： Let’s go
shopping ⑤Shall we/ I
+ do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I
go shopping? Unit 9
Have you ever been to a amusement park? 一、词汇聚焦 （一）单词拓展
1.travel(现在分词) 2. last(反义词) 3. music(形容词) 4. have not(缩写) 5.hear( 过去式) 6.
heavy(副词) 7.die(形容词) （二）短语荟萃 6.take a ride 兜风 7. take the subway 乘地铁 8.end up
结束 9. take a holiday/vacation 度假 all year round 全年 11.such as 例如 a zoo called/named… 一个叫做……的动物园 13. wake up 醒来 14. wake somebody up 唤醒/叫醒某人 16. a wonderful place to take a holiday/to
visit一个度假/游览的好地方 17. an English-speaking country 一个讲英语的国家 be
asleep=fall asleep睡着 the reasons for learning
English Three quarters of the population are
Chinese. 四分之三的人口是中国人（谓语动词用复数形式） What’s the population of China? 中国的人口是多少？（不用how much提问）
the population of China is 1.3 billion 中国的人口是13亿。（谓动词用单形式） 8. have been to, have gone to on the one hand, on the other hand 二、语法详解 1.Have been (to) 与 have gone
(to) Have been (to)指“到过某地”说话时此人已经不在那里(be not there)或已回来(be back) ，侧重指经历。 have gone (to)指“已经去了某地”说话时此人可能在路上(be on the way)或已在那里 (be there)，反正不在这里（be not there）。 2.关于现在完成时 1.现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。本时态标志词： already （“已经”，用于肯定句中，放在have
/has之后或句尾）；
yet （“仍然”“还”，用于疑问句或否定句的句尾） just（“刚刚”，放在have /has之后）； before（“以前”，放在句尾）； ever（“曾经”，放在have /has之后） never （“从没有”，在have /has之后） 例句： 1.Our teacher has just left. 2.We
have studied English already. 3.I have not finished the homework yet. 4.He has never been to Beijing before. 2.某个动作从过去已经开始,一直持续到现在,还有可能持续到将来.动作的持续性要 通过一段时间来表示一段时间的表达方法有两种: for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three years Since +过去的某一时刻, since
nine since last week Since +一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since
you came ; since you got home. 注意：结束性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是它们可以转换成相应的 延续性动词. 1.直接用延续性动词 buy– have；catch(get) a
cold –have a cold；borrow—keep； become—be； put on—wear 2.转换成be+名词 join
the army – be a soldier；join the Party –be a Party member； go to school– be a student 3转换成be+形容词或副词 die—be dead；finish – be over；begin—be on；leave—be away ； fall sleep – be asleep close – be
closed come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地—be in(at)
+某地 4.转换成 be+介词短语go to
school– be in school ； get up_ be up； 现在完成时态常见标志词 already（已经）, just（刚刚）, never（从未/从没有）, ever（曾经）, yet（仍然/还）, before（以前（句尾时） since+点时刻或从句; for+段时间; how long（疑问句中用来提问since/for短语的） so far；till now；by now（到目前为止；迄今） recently近来 in the past/last+段时间 在过去的几年中 once(一次)，twice, three(four…) times It is the+最高级+n.+ (that)
sb.have ever done What’s the best gift you
have ever received? 你曾收到的最好礼物是什么? 现在完成时句型举例： Have you ever been to an amusement park? 你曾经去过游乐园吗? Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. I have never been there. Me neither=Neither have I. 我也没有. Where is he? He has gone to the Beijing. How long has he been in Beijing? （不能用come/arrive） I’ve never been to an
aquarium. 我从没去过水族馆. I have been a student here for a year. 我成为这的学生有一年了. （不能用become） =I
became a student here a year ago. He has been dead for two years.（不能用die）=he died two
years ago. I have been a teacher since ten years
ago(for ten years.) （不能用become） I have just/ever/already/never seen the
movie. Have you ever heard of the man before? 三、难点解析 1. How about…?=what about…? 用于询问对方或第三者与情景有关的各种情况。 I haven’t been to Dalian. What /how about you? 2. Have a good time =have a nice time =have
fun=enjoy oneself 过得愉快、玩的高兴
3．hear of “听说，听到”后面跟名词或代词
I’ve never heard of that village 与hear有关的短语hear of “收到…….的来信”需要注意hear后不跟a letter等词，因其本身就有“收到……来信”之意，eg. I heard from my sister last week. 4. for example 表示举例说明,往往用逗号隔开，与其有关的such
as 表示列举。 For
example，Tom has the same opinion(看法) Do
you often eat fruit such as oranges? 5. think about“考虑,想起” 与其相关的有think
of “考虑,记起”相当于remember, think over 意为” (仔细反复)地思考,考虑” Eg： she doesn’t care what
other people think about her.
I’m thinking of buying a football for my son.
Let’s think over the problem to see who can work it out first. 6. wake up 醒来 Has
your father woken up yet? 四、句型概览 It’s fun to learn another language. Disneyland is an amusement park, but we can
also call it a theme park. It has all the normal attractions you can
find at an amusement park, but it also has a theme. the roller coaster is themed with Disney
characters. You can see Disney characters walking
around Disneyland all the time. These are huge boats that also have the
Disney theme. You can take a ride on the boat for several days, and you sleep and eat on
board. There are also many attractions on board
just like any other Disneyland. The boat rides all take different routes,
but they all end up in the same place. It is just so much fun in Disneyland. Here’s what two of our students said about
our school. Unit 10 It’s a nice day, isn’t it? 一、词汇聚焦 (一)、单词拓展 1.is not (缩写)isn’t 2.does not(缩写)dosn’t 3.swim(现在分词)swimming 4.wind(形容词)windy 5.open(现在分词)opening (二)、短语荟萃 1. feel like doing=want to do sth.想做某事 like
to do sth./like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 would like to do=want to do 想要做某 like sb. to do想要某人做某事 feel like sth. 觉得像…. 6.have a hard/difficult time doing sth 费了很大劲做某事 have problem doing sth做某事有困难have
fun doing sth 乐于做某事 9.need to do sth. 需要做某事（主语是人，强调主动 need doing=need to be done 需要被…（主语是物，强调被动） 例如：I need to do my homework The bike needs mending/reparing=The bike
needs _____ _______ _________ 13.get along/ on well with 相处得好 14.at least 至少 at most 最多 16.be careful =look out 当心,小心 be careful to do/not to do sth. 小心做/不做某事 18.cross a street =go across a street 过街（穿过表面） go through 穿过（空间/房间/森林等） go past经过/路过 22.say in a low/loud voice 小声地/大声地说 23.something cost+钱= something
is worth+钱
某物值多少钱 25.the price is high/low 价格高/低 26.do/try one’s best to do
sth. 努力/尽力做某事 二、语法详解 有关反意疑问句 三、重、难点解析 1.I hope so 我希望如此 I hope so 是英语中很常见的表达，意为 “希望如此”。这里so为替代词，代替上文中提到的it
will stop by soon.so通常只代替肯定内容，而不代替具有否定意义的内容。关于so 的类似用法有很多。 Eg:Jim will win the first prize. -I think so.
He likes swimming . -So do I. 2.have a good day. 交际用语have a good day !意为祝你过的很愉快。还可以说成have a good time !在对话中，对方提出要去某地旅游，休闲或娱乐时使用。 Eg:-Tomorrow I’m going to go fishing. -Have
a good day or time! 3.He sure is !他的确很好！Sure在句中为副词 ，意为 “的确，一定”。 Eg:It sure is a cold night. 拓展：sure也可作形容词，意为
“确信的，有把握的”。 Eg:I’m not sure where to go. 四、句型概览 It looks like rain, doesn’t it? Yes, it
does./No, it doesn’t 看起来要下雨了,是吗? He’s really good, isn’t he? 他确实好,是吗? You are new here, aren’t you? 你是新来的, 是吗? You have never been to Beijing, have
you?(never表达否定含义,后面用肯定) She has few friends, does she? (few表达否定含义,后面用肯定) Tom had little work to do, did he? (little表达否定含义,后面用肯定) You can hardly do the work, can you? (hardly表达否定含义,后面用肯定) Let’s go home, shall we? Don’t be late again/Let
us go home, will you?(祈使句用will you;但Let’s开头的用shall we) Thank you so much for asking/inviting
/having me!非常感谢你邀请我 How much does that shirt cost=How much is
the shirt?那件衬衣值多少钱? 附加内容： 一、常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结 （一）、固定用法(非谓语动词)：以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配 1．希望做某事 hope to do sth. 2.决定做某事 decide to do sth. 3．同意做某事 agree to do sth. 4.需要某人做某事 need to do sth. 5.使用某物做某事 use sth to do sth 6.迫不及待做某事 can’t wait to do 7.准备做某事 get/be ready to do 8.尽力/努力做某事 try to do sth 9.计划做某事 plan to do sth. 10.不得不 have to do 11.轮流做某事 take one’s turns to
do sth. 12.拒绝做某事 refuse to do sth. 13.告诉某人做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 14.请某人做某事 ask sb. to do sth. 15.希望某人做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 16.想要某人做某事 want /would like sb. to do sth. 17.同意某人做某事 agree sb. to do sth. 18.教某人做某事 teach sb. to do sth. 19.喜欢/想要某人做某事 like
sb. to do sth. 20.帮助某人做某事 help sb. to do sth/help sb.do 21.encourage sb to do 鼓励某人做 22.It’s one’s turn to do
sth. 轮到某人做某事 例句:It your turn to clean the blackboard. 23.It’s time(for sb.) to
do sth.是某人做某事时候了 例句:It’s time for me to go home. It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是……（当adj.是表示性格、品德的形容词时用of） 例句: It is
easy for me to learn it well. It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do
so. 25. It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花了某时间 例句: 1).It takes me an hour to get to school by
bike. 2).It took me an hour to watch TV last night. 3).It
will take her two weeks to finish the work. 26.too+adj./adv. to do sth. 太…..而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word. 27.find/think/feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为/感到做某事是… 例: I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well. 28.序数词+to do 第…..个做某事 例句:Who is the first to get there? 29.我不知/忘记了怎么办。I
didn't know/forgot what to do. 30.离开房间时不要忘记/记住关灯 例句:Don’t forget/Remember to turn off the lights when you left the room 31.be+adj+to do sth 例句:I am very sorry to hear that. I am ready to help others. I am happy/pleased/glad to meet you. 顺口溜：本领最多不定式，主表定补宾和状；样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢；大家千万要小心，有时它把句型改；作主语时用it，自己在后把身藏；七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式，不定式前加for sb.；to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。 （二）、以下是不带to的动词不定式(即动词原形)的常见用法 1. let sb. do sth 让某人做某事 2. make do sth 使得某人做某事 3. hear do sth do sth 听见某人做某事 4.see do sth do sth 看见某人做某事 5.why not 或why don’t you +动词原形？为什么不….?（表示建议） 例:Why not/Why don’t you take a walk? 6.某人+had better( not)do 某人最好(不)做某事 7.情态动词can/may /must
/should+ 动词原形（包括情态动词的否定形式+动词原形） 8.助动词do/does/did/will/would在构成疑问句或者构成否定句即don’t /doesn’t /didn’t /will not
/would not+ 动词原形 9.be going to + 动词原形（表示“即将”“打算” 做某事） 二、常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结 （一）、使用-ing分词的几种情况 1).在进行时态中。 如：1.He is watching TV in the room.
2.They were dancing at nine o'clock last
night. 2).在there be结构中。 如：There is a boy swimming in the river. 3).在have fun/problems结构中。 如：We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting
to the top of the mountain. 4).在介词后面。 如：Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball？ What /How about doing sth? 做某事怎么样? I am interested in playing football. 5).在以下结构 1.enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事； 2.finish doing sth； 完成做某事； 3.feel like doing sth 想要做某事； 4.stop doing sth 停止做某事（原来的事） 5.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事； 6.go on doing sth 继续做某事（原来的事）； 7.remember doing sth 记得做过某事； 8.like doing sth 喜欢做某事； 9.find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做 10.try doing sth 试图做某事； 11.need doing sth 需要做某事； 12.prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事； 13.mind doing sth 介意做某事； 14.miss doing sth 错过做某事； 15.practice doing sth 练习做某事； 16.be busy doing sth 忙于做某事； 17can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事； 18.waste time/money doing 浪费时间/金钱做…; 19.keep sb.doing 让…始终/一直做… 20.stop sb.(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 6).prefer doing B to doing B=like A better
than A喜欢做A更喜欢做B 7).“do some +doing”短语 如：do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/ do some cleaning/do some speaking 8).“go doing”短语去做某事（主要指文娱活动等） 如：go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go
camping/go skiing （滑雪/go boating /go hunting (打猎) （二）、注意动词的过去分词的常见搭配: 1.I feel(am/was) excited/ surprised/ amazed
/interested /tired/pleased/worried/lost 2.Keep…closed/clean 3.a boy called/named Tom 三、常见动词用法辨析： (1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句,完全形式是： Why don’t you +动词原形+…? 如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？) Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试？) (2) seem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构： ①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容词+…； ②sb./sth. + seem +
like +…； ③sb/sth + seem + to (do)； ④It seems that + 从句。 如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) It seems that nobody else could do such a
foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来) (3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构： ①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+从句。 如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇) Don’t be so afraid to
stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家) I’m afraid that somebody will take his
place because of his serious mistakes. (恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误) (4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构： ①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for
(doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry
that+从句。 如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思让你久等了) I am sorry to trouble you.(对不起,麻烦你了) I am
sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在) (5) be sure (确信)的用法：记住几个结构： ①be sure of
(sth); ②be sure
to(do); ③be sure that+从句。
如：She told me many times that she was sure to come. (她给我讲过多次她一定会来的) Are you sure of your answer? Maybe it’s wrong. (你对你的答案有把握吗？也许是错的。) I am sure that Dad will help me with the
job. (我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的) (6) make 与do的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what
to do.(我不知道该干什么) I’m not going to do
any work.(我不准备做什么) My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船) 此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour…… make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a
noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,... (7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,be in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给…人穿衣”。 如：Please put on your new shoes.(请穿上你的新鞋) The twins are wearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服) Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿着一件大衣) Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗？) Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣) [注意]dress与wear或put on的区别：wear或put on常用衣物作宾语,而dress常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表达。be dressed in与wear基本同义。dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。 如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗？) He
is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服) She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣) Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party? (我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗？) (8)like、love与enjoy的用法：三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟 动名词,love 后面一般跟动词不定式。like后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好 (往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受…乐趣； 玩得开心”。 如：Do you like shopping?(你喜欢购物吗？) He
likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon. (每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳) They
love to sing foreign songs.(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲) Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗？) He
enjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活) (9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程；而learn主要表示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。 如：How many subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程？) Have
you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗？) How
long have you studied/learned English?(你学英语多久了？)
learn还可以表示“听说”, 如：He learned the musician himself was in town. (他听说音乐家本人就在城里) (10)think、want、would like的用法：三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、 考虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介词短语 或从句,want和would like后面跟名词或动词不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40
years?
(你认为中国会在40年后成为发达国家吗？) I am
thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min. ((我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱) What
do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？) Which of these cakes would you like (to
have)? (这些饼子中你想吃哪些？) (11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两 个表示结果,look for指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到；search…for…指“为 找…而搜寻…”；find指“找到”了东西；find out主要指“查明一个事实真相”。 如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard? (嘿,猴儿！你在厨子里面找什么呢？) Have
you found the lost key to your car?(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗？) The
soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise. (士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响) Let’s try to find out who broke the window. (让我们查查谁把窗子打破了) [注解] find的几个结构：find
sb. sth“为某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n. “发觉某人是…”,find
it +adj. + to do…(或+宾语从句)“发现(做……)如何”。 如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl. (他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) You
can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food. (你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的) (12)listen to、hear的用法：两个词与听觉有关,listen
to指“听”这一过程, hear指“听到”这一结果。 如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words. (吉姆,你在听我说吗？是的,你的话我全听见了) (13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的过程；see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词；watch指专注的看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词；read限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。 如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？) Please look at the blackboard. (请看黑板) Let
me go to see the film, mum, will you? (妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗？) He
won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些) Reading gives us knowledge.(阅读给我们知识) (14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hear of“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面；hear from“收到……的来信”,后面加人；learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与hear相似。 如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们) Have
you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人？) How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父亲的信？) He learned the musician himself was in
town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里) (15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称；talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面跟介词about等；say 是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容；tell是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。 如：Do you speak English? (你讲英语吗？) Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言？) Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent.
(我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话) Can
you say it in English? (你能用英语说出它吗？) Please tell me something about the strange
flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧) (16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、会”等意思,只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式；be able to表示能力上“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。 如：Can you speak English? (你会说英语吗？) He
couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳) (17)there be、have的用法：两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,have表示的是“拥有”,主语必须是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主语在there be之后。 如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？ 我只有一个兄弟。) How
many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他们教室里有多少张桌椅？一张也没有。) [注解]there be
sb./sth doing与there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一个正 在发生的事情,而用to do 则表示一个滞后或迟于there be的动作。 如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There
is nothing for you to do tonight. (18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“出借” 都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用；keep“保存”用来表示借一段时间。 如:I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书) How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For
more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？两个多月了！) (19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指从远处“拿来”；take指从面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬运,不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把东西由低向高“提起、 拎起”。例略。 (20)hope、wish的用法：两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心 实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾 语补足语的不定式；wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语 从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。 如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他) I
hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。) How I wish it was not raining at the
moment! (我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事实上天正在下雨) (21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：
spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型：sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. ； take的主语通常是事情,句型：sth./It +
(take)+sb.+时间+to do…
。(如果是动作则常用it 作形式主语将动词不定式后移)； cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型： sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. ；pay的宾语通常是金钱,句型：sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说) This job will take me two days. =It will take me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间) How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？) I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书) (22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end), 后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”, 反义词是stop； 某事停止后再重新开始一般用start. 如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么时候开始学英语的？) They
started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他们开始收割庄稼) This
time he could not start his car. (这次他没法启动他的汽车) (23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点时后面加介词at,到达一个大的地方(国家、城市)时后面加介词in,arrive后面可以直接跟地点副词here/there/home等；get表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等；reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。 如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山) How
did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的？) We hurried all the way and reached the
station just five minutes before the train left. (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站) (24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、 be made for的区别：be made of指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表达被制造的地点,be made by表达制造的人,be made for表达被制造的目的。 如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的) The
desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是铁和木头打的) A
lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (许多纸被折叠成了小鸟) Computers are made in these cities. (计算机是在这几个城市制造的) This
kite was made by Uncle Wang. (这个风筝是王叔叔做的) A big bag was made for me to hold my waste
things.(一只大包做好了让我装废物) (25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的区别：be used
for + 名词/代词或动名词, be used to + 动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”；get/be used
to + 动名词,表示“习惯于….”。 如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用来割东西) A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用来割东西) He used to borrow novels from the library
when he was at school. (他上学时常常在图书馆借书) He is used to getting up early in the
morning. (他习惯早起) (26)beat,win与lose： beat (打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。 如：Who won at last? (最后谁赢了？) Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打败了我们) I am sure to win the match. (我一定能赢得比赛) 而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型：lose
sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three.(不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班) (27)grow、plant、keep的区别：plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。 如
：He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在园子里种菜) I
planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵树,但是死了4棵) Old
women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间) (28)fall 、drop的区别：fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词；也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词；或让物体落向低处,及物动词。 如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了) Soon
after they touched the pillows they fell
(系动词) fast asleep. (他们头挨枕头不久 就睡着了) He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他觉得似乎要放弃数学) He
dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向邮箱里丢了一封信) (29)join、join in、take part in的区别：join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示 和某人一起参加某项活动；join in指参加某项游戏或活动；take part in多指参加群众性 的活动、运动、会议等。 如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年参军) They
joined me in congratulating you.(他们和我一起向你祝贺) Do join us in the game.(千万参加我们的比赛) He took an active part in the students’
movement in the 1940s. (在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动) (30)beat、hit、strike的用法区别：beat指“连续不断地打击；(心脏的)跳动”； hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”；strike与hit基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、 给……深刻的印象”。 如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动) He
hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的劲 太大球飞过他们的头顶落入水中) He
went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走进房间划着了一根火柴) (31)carry on、carry out的区别：carry on表示“进行、继续”； carry out表示“进行、贯彻、实现”。 如：I will carry on the work. (我会继续工作) I have some difficulties in carrying out
his orders. (对于执行他的命令我有问题) (32)be amazed与be surprised的区别：be amazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能 发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异；be surprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的 事件感到惊讶。 如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all
the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潜到海中时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了) He
was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (听到房间里 传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊) (33)warn的用法：“warn sb.
of/about sth”意思是“针对…而警告某人”；“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”；“warn
sb. + that从句”意思是 “警告某人说……”。 如：They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心窃贼) I warn you that you will fail in the coming
exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。) He was warned not to go out in the late
night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去) (34)think of与think about等短语的区别：think
of表示“考虑、思念、认为、 想起、建议”等；“think about”表示“看待、认为”；“think much /highly /a lot of” 表示“高度评价…”；“think over”表示“仔细考虑”；“think out”表示“想出”。 如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校长高度地评价了这个男孩) We’re thinking of going to France for our
holiday. (我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) Think it over and you will have a way. (仔细考虑就有办法) I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) －What do you think about his composition? －Very good! (他的作文你觉得怎么样？ 很好。) (35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等词语用法：“agree
to+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./观点”表示“赞同…的观点”/ agree about表示“对…话题有相同看法”/“agree to +建议”表示“同意”某人的建议,“agree on + 决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”。例略。 (36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词。 如：They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他们尽力了该赢。) The little boy always made troubles around
and deserved beating. (小男孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打) The girl did a good deed and deserved
praise. (女孩做了好事应该受到表扬) 五、常见代词用法说明 (1)some和 any 的用法： some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。 如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做) They
will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿) some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。 如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗？) any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。 如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友) Have
you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗？) any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come
here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。) (2)no和none的用法： no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。 如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) They
had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借) none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。 如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的) (3)all和both的用法： all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词；也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。 both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) --Would you like this one or that one?
–Both.(你要这个还是那个？两个都要。) all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both +
of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。 如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮) (4)every和each用法： every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念； each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”, 表示单个概念；each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在 “be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前 every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也 可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。 如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)
They are very busy. Each of them has
something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干) (5)either和neither的用法： either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。 neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。 如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么, 两个之中随便哪个都行) --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither.
I will go there by train. (你坐公车去还是坐轿车去？一个都不坐,我坐火车去。) (6)other、the other和another的用法： other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。 another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如： Some girls are singing under the big apple
tree and others are sitting on the grass talking. (有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话) You have had several cakes. Do you really
want another one? (你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块？) I want another four books.(我还要四本书) another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用 the other,在原先基础上增加用another。 如：This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢？) I
have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another. (我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。) others与the others的主要区别：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指 “其余的人/物”,(指全部)。 如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them. (有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) Two of the ten boys are standing and the
others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有 两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。) (7)many和much的用法： many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用；much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。 它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。 如：I don’t have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失) We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot
of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too. 如：There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人) They haven’t got much work to
do.(他们没有多少事情可做) There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。) (8)few、little、a few、a little的用法： few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。 如：He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) Don’t worry.
There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) In that polar region there live few
people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果) (9)复合不定代词somebody
,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no
,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做 复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。 somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything,
anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。 如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。) Did you meet anyone when you came to school
last Sunday? (上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗？) He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做) (10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、 指示代词、which等。 如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one? (你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件？ I don’t like the green
ones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些) (11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。 如： I don’t think so.(我认为不是这样的。) He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。) (12)a lot of、lots of、a number of(
/large numbers of)、a great deal of、 plenty of的区别：五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或 lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应 地换为much和many；plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也 可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以 修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为 some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great
deal of只可以修饰不可数 名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。 如：A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)
I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I
have plenty of time. (我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写) I spend a great deal of time/money on
shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。) (13)none、no one、nobody的区别：no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指 人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式；none表示“没有一个人/ 物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用 复数。 如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的) Nobody handed in his/their composition(s)
yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。) None of my friends came to see me that
day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。) 六、有关形容词的用法辨析： ⑴ whole与all：记住两个词序：① the whole + 名词；
②all (of) the + 名词。 如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) He
can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词) ⑵ tall与high, short与low：指人的个子时用tall与short；指其他事物时一般用 high与low。 如：He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) Tall trees are standing on both sides of
that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上) ⑶ real与true：real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”；而true则指事情或消息的可靠性, 译为“真实的”。 如：This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very
expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own
ears.(那真实吗？
是的,我亲耳所听) ⑷ interested与interesting的区别：interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语, 而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。 如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他) This book is interesting and you can really
enjoy yourself. (这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣) ⑸ such用法： such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。 如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy. (我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) He had such a terrible accident that he
could never forget it. (他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记) ⑹ good与well：表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well；表示“(身体)好” 时用well. 如：Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) --How are you?—I am very
well.(你好吗？我很好。) ⑺ nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；fine一般 指身体或天气好。 如：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake. (我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) What a fine day!(多好的天气！) He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错) ⑻ too much与much too：too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量；much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) /
That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了) ⑼ quick、fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。 如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at
home. (匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) A
train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) His father will be back to China very
soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国) ⑽lonely与alone：lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是：“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语；alone的意思是：“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。 如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely. (他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独) He is a lonely person. You can not easily
get on well with him. (他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易) ⑾ other与else的区别：两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前；else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。 如：The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题？)
This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) Do you have anything else to say for
yourself? (你还有什么要为自己说的吗？ ⑿ special与especial的区别：表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。 如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) These are special chairs for small
children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子) ⒀ gone、lost、missing的区别：gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语；lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补；missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。 如：My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough. (发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子)
My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it
away? (我的字典不见了,谁拿走了？) For more detailed information(详情) of the
missing girls, please visit our website(网址). (如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站) ⒁ living、alive、live、lively的区别：四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。 living读[‘liviN]有三个意思：①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语, ②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”； live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living； alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面； lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思：①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、 真实的。 例如：A living language should be learned orally(口头上). (活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) We have a living hope that you will
succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) Is she still alive?(她还活着吗？) They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子)
This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) She
is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) He gave a lively description of the
football match. (他生动地描述了那场足球赛) ⒂ sick与ill区别：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill 只能做表语。 如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. (他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) Vets help treat sick pets and most of the
pets’ owners like them. (兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱) ⒃ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法：“the+形容词”这一结构可以 表示一类人物,复数含义。 如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) The rich never know how the poor are
living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过 |
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