高三英语总复习语法系列训练被动语态详解高三英语备课组(一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和
被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanew
bridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltoverth
eriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及
物动词的过去分词构成。(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化
形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时： am/is/are+given
一般过去时： was/were+given一般将来时： shall/willbe+given
一般过去将来时： should/wouldbe+given现在进行时： am/is
/are+being+given过去进行时： was/were+being+given
现在完成时： have/has+been+given过去完成时： had+been+
given将来完成时： shall/will+havebeen+given过去将来完成
时： should/would+havebeen+given?［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。(
三)被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthec
ountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Thesc
hooldoesn''tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateache
r.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutate
acher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfac
torylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreed
onlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn''tforgethislessonseasily.
Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.3.一般将来时：Theyw
illsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.
Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyo
fjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.过去将来时：Themanager
saidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.
Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendofthe
year.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonas
possible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedas
soonaspossible.5.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEngli
shlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.
Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.
6.过去进行时：—Whydidn''ttheydrivethereontime?—Because
theworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwas
beingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreesher
e.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.现在完
成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.I
havebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebro
ughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.8.过去
完成时：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysold
outthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticket
shadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysada
tthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreat
leader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情态
动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。Youmust
handinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmust
behandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanylettersw
iththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwithth
ecomputerbyhim.(四)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态
，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafte
rclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动
作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.The
cupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+
名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000c
arswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.(五)主动语态变被动语态的
方法（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.
主语谓语宾语→Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdin
nerparty.主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupasp
ecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohe
lppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被
动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。(六)语态转换时所注
意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Weh
aveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.
(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被
动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeap
resentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday
.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwa
sgiventomeyesterday.保留宾语注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring
,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,
teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.
Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：b
uild,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,ma
ke,order,paint,play,sing等。Mothermademeanewskirt.(
Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)Themeatwascookedforus.
Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,
根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedof
me.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheG
reatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)3.由动词
+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+
介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,look
after,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedo
n.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn''tbetalkedabout.及物动词+
副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeou
t,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,
workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thespo
rtsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.4.带复合宾语(宾语
+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealways
keeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptcl
ean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Wewere
toldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,
listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带t
o，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimpl
aytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带
有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：Tomato
eswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveap
ples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecall
edloveapples.5.还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)We
takegoodcareofthebooks.Thebooksaretakengoodcare
of.Goodcareistakenofthebook.2)Youmustpayatten
tiontoyourpronunciation.Attentionmustbepaidtoyour
pronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。6.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody. |
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