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木工指南：新手的工具箱 You don't need all the tools in the world to get started. But you need some. 你不需要备齐世界上所有的工具才开始，但你至少需要一些基本的。 
Just about any furniture maker will tell you that it's hard to have too many tools. This is probably true because these people have a deep appreciation for just how useful tools can be. The right one for the job can make any task easier, quicker and very often safer. Over the years a successful artisan can accumulate a truly astounding quantity of equipment and supplies. Each is important, or at least was at one time, and therefore difficult to leave behind. If you're a professional this makes perfect sense. But for the beginner such conspicuous consumption can be a real mistake. Why devote so many resources up front to something you're trying for the first time? 就像很多家具制作者会告诉你的那样，工具永远不嫌多。这很可能是对的，因为他们都深刻体会到了工具的用处。选对工具可以让工作更容易、快捷，通常也更安全。一个成功的手艺人经过几年的积累可以攒下惊人数量的工具。每样工具都很重要，或者说至少曾经在某个时段他们很重要，所以很难舍弃。如果你是个专业人员，准备好齐全的工具意义重大。但对新手而言，买齐全部装备显然是一个错误，谁会在一个只是准备尝试涉足的领域投入过多资源呢？ A better idea is to buy a basic assortment of woodworking tools like the one shown here. With these tools you can build just about any straightforward furniture piece and leave the extra room under your credit limit for other things. This is not to say that tool manufacturers are giving their wares away. For the full complement shown, expect to pay around $800, depending on the quality of the individual items. This is a lot of money. But it's also a lot of capability. 一个更好的主意是买一套基本的木工工具，如上图所示。有了这些工具，你就能制作几乎任何简单的家具，而且不会让你刷爆信用卡。当然，这并不是说工具制造商会把工具白送给你，对于这样一套工具，大概需要花800美元左右，具体取决于每样工具的质量。这是一笔不小的开支，但他将带来很多功用。 When shopping, it's a good idea to buy the best tool you can afford in any category. Do keep in mind that price may not always be the best indicator of quality, but it usually is. Cheap tools often have a much shorter life, and are typically less accurate and frequently more dangerous to use than their premium brothers and sisters. Also remember that although some of these tools are fairly specialized, most of them can be used for general repair chores around the house. So even if you leave the world of furniture making behind, your investment in these tools will reap benefits for years to come. 在采购时，最好在挑每一类工具时都尽量选你能负担的起的最贵的那种。记住，也许不总是一分钱一分货，但通常都是这样。便宜型号的工具比起那些更高级的型号通常寿命更短、更不精确而且经常也更危险。也请记住，虽然有些工具是很专业化的，但他们也能被用于家居日常的修理工作。所以即便不玩木头了，这些投资在未来数年里仍会发挥效益。 Of course, this tool selection is abbreviated on many fronts. For example, we haven't presented some common tools that most people already have around the house. These include a 16-ounce claw hammer, a heavy-duty, 25-ft. grounded extension cord, an assortment of flat and Phillips screwdrivers, a tape measure, safety glasses and hearing protectors. We also assume that most people have some kind of workbench or worktable that can be used for support. If you don't, a convenient and economical option is a folding Workmate. These units cost about $90. They not only provide sturdy support but also boast movable clamping jaws that can hold just about anything securely in place. 当然，所列举的这些工具是在很多前提之下简化而来的。比如，我们没有列出那些一般人家里都有的普通工具。这些普通工具包括一支16盎司重的羊角锤，一个大负荷的25英尺长带接地的插线板，各种平头螺钉和一把飞利浦电螺丝刀，一个卷尺，护目镜和降噪耳塞。我们还假定大多数人可以找到某种工作台或工作桌可以用来支撑木料。如果你没有，一个方便和经济的选择就是买个折叠Workmate。这东西大概要花90美元，它不但能提供牢靠的支撑，而且还声称能提供活动夹钳，可以把任何东西牢牢固定住。 *an assortment of flat译为各种平头螺钉不知道是否正确，按上下文意思臆测的。如有谬误，请指正。 *Workmate就是那种小型的可折叠工作台，如下图： 
So, on to the tools themselves. Following is a brief description of each, along with the approximate cost of high-quality models. 接下来说说工具本身吧。每样工具下面都配有简短的描述和购买一台高质量产品的大致价格。 Circular Saw 圆锯 
A circular saw is a versatile tool for both rough and finish cutting. The saw consists of a horizontally mounted motor that drives a 71/4-in.-dia. blade. The depth of the cut, as well as the bevel angle, are adjustable. Many saws come equipped with an accessory rip guide, but if yours doesn't you should buy one. Also, outfit your saw with a carbide-tipped, thin-kerf blade. This will cut at least 10 times as long as a steel blade before requiring sharpening. And it reduces the load on the saw motor and wastes less stock to sawdust. This is the first tool to pick up for both crosscutting (perpendicular to the grain) and ripping (cutting parallel to the grain) solid stock as well as for sizing manufactured panels. The spinning saw blade enters the bottom side of the workpiece, which can result in chip-out on the top surface. Plan your cuts so that the good side of your material faces down during cutting. (Approximate price $130.) 圆锯是一种多用途的工具，既能粗切也能细切。圆锯是由一台水平放置的电机带动一个直径71/4英寸的锯片。锯切的深度和倾斜角度都是可调的。很多圆锯买来就附带一个开料导向器，如果你的锯没带的话，最好自己再配一个。给你的锯配一个碳化锯齿的、薄锯口的锯片，这种锯片比钢锯片的寿命（以下一次需要磨锯片的时间计算）长10倍以上。而且这种锯片可以减小电机的负荷，同时减少因锯口宽度造成的木材损耗。在横断（垂直木纹方向）和顺切（平行木纹方向）实木木料的时候，圆锯是首选工具，同时他也能胜任裁切人造板的工作。旋转的锯片其实是从木料的底面旋入并从木料的顶面旋出，所以会造成顶面的木头表层有些撕裂。所以请计划好你的裁切，在锯的时候把板子好的一面向下。（大致价格130美元） *rip guide直译成“开料导向器”，不知道有没有更公认的名称？ Drill And Bits 电钻和钻头 
Most woodworking projects require you to bore holes of some sort and a drill is the only tool for this job. Handheld electric drills are commonly available in three sizes (1/4 in., 3/8 in. and 1/2 in.) that represent the maximum bit diameter the drill chuck will accept. While the 1/2-in. drill is the most versatile, it also tends to be the heaviest and most awkward to use. A good compromise for the beginning woodworker is to purchase a 3/8-in. VSR (variable speed reversible) drill. The newer cordless models are rated at 14.4 volts and offer substantial power and convenience–but at a substantially higher price than corded models. An assortment of high-speed steel twist drill bits from 1/16 in. to 1/2 in. dia. will cover most needs. 大多数木作需要在木头上钻某种孔，钻是完成这类工作的唯一选择。手持电钻通常有3种可选规格，1/4英寸、3/8英寸、1/2英寸，数字代表了钻夹头能夹持的最大钻头直径。虽然1/2英寸的钻通用性最强，但它也是最终和最笨拙的。对新手来说，一个不错的妥协是买3/8英寸的变速钻。新型的无线版（电池供电）电钻额定电压14.4伏，它能提供强劲的动力且方便使用，但是也会比有线的版本贵一些。一套从1/16英寸到1/2英寸直径的高速钢麻花钻头能胜任大多数需要。 The addition of a set of countersinks for recessing screwheads will allow you to make even better use of the drill. (Approximate prices: corded drill, $100; cordless drill, $180; drill bits, $30.) 再加上一套沉头螺丝开孔器能让你更好地利用电钻。（大致价格：有线电钻100美元，无线电钻180美元，钻头30美元） Block And Bench Planes 短刨和台刨（非电动台刨） 
Quality planes are some of the most versatile woodworking tools, and often the most satisfying to use. The sound and feel of a sharp plane slicing through wood is, to many, the essence of woodworking. 高质量的刨子是最多用途的木工工具之一，而且经常是最好用的。对很多人来说，用锋利的刨子刨木头的声音和感觉就是木工的真谛。 A plane consists of a sharpened steel blade that is held at a fixed angle in a steel or wood body. The blade, or iron, is adjustable to regulate the depth of cut. There are planes designed for general work and planes designed for one particular use. For a beginner, a block plane and a No. 4 bench plane (approximately 9 1/2 in. long) will cover most situations. The block plane is designed to trim end grain but it can also be used any time a bench plane would be too unwieldy. The bench plane is used to square and straighten lumber edges for gluing or to smooth the surface of a board or glued-up panel. Most planing should be done with the tool moving parallel to the grain of the wood. Occasionally you will notice that the tool seems to tear out the wood grain. When this happens, simply work from the opposite direction. (Approximate prices: block plane, $50; bench plane, $75.) 刨子就是一片锋利的刨刀以一定角度固定在一个钢质或木质的刨身上。可以通过调整刨刀来调节刨削深度。既有为通用用途设计的刨子，也有为某种专用用途设计的刨子。对新手来说，一个短刨和一个4号台刨（大约9.5英寸长，约和23cm）就能应付几乎所有情况了。短刨是设计用来裁切木材端头的，但它也能用于台刨不方便下手的地方。台刨的用途是在涂胶前把木料刨直、刨方，或者刨光整个版面，或者拼板。大多数的刨削应该沿平行木纹的方向进行，当你偶然发现刨刀会撕裂木纹时，只需把刨削方向调换180°即可。（大致价格：短刨50美元，台刨75美元） Combination Square 组合直角尺 
The combination square consists of a cast body that slides along a graduated metal blade. The body can be fixed by a tightening screw at any position along the blade. It provides an accurate standard for either a 90 degree or 45 degree mark. Many combination squares incorporate a small level in the tool as well. Use the square to mark lines for cutting and to check that finished cuts are square. The blade can also be removed from the body and used as an accurate layout tool. Since the reliability of this square is so critical to quality work, it's worthwhile to purchase a precision model, like the Starrett shown. Squares are commonly available in 4-in., 6-in. and 12-in. sizes. (Approximate price $50.) 组合直角尺是由一个铸造的尺身和一个带刻度的金属直尺构成，尺身可沿着刻度尺滑动，也可以通过旋紧螺丝固定在某个刻度位置。它提供了标准的90°和45°。很多组合直角尺上还有一个小水平管。这种直角尺可以用来画切割线以及检查切割后的木料是否方正。其中刻度尺部分可以拆下来当直尺使用。因为它的准确性对作品的质量起决定作用，所以买一把好的组合直角尺是值得的，就像图上的这把Starrett牌的尺子。组合直角尺的规格通常有4英寸、6英寸和12英寸。（大致的价格是50美元） Backsaw 夹背锯（手锯） 
A backsaw consists of a straight blade, 8 in. to 14 in. long, bolted to a wood handle. A brass or steel reinforcement back is added to the top edge of the blade to keep it from flexing during use. These saws generally have 15 to 20 finely set teeth per inch. While these blades can be used for cutoff work, they are best suited for accurate joinery like cutting tenons, dovetails or box joints. (Approximate price $65.) 夹背锯是一个8~14英寸长的直锯片固定在一个木把手上。在锯片的背上会有一个铜或钢的加固片来保证在使用过程中锯片不会弯曲。这种锯通常每英寸有15~20个齿。虽然这种锯也可用来截断木材，但它最适于用在榫接处的精确切割，比如切方榫榫头、燕尾榫或套榫。（大致价格65美元） Chisels 凿刀 
After the knife, a chisel is the most basic of cutting tools. A steel blade of specified width and length, usually from 3 in. to 8 in., is mounted in a wood or plastic handle. A bevel is ground on the end of the blade at an angle varying from 15 degrees to 35 degrees, depending on the intended use. A chisel can be used either to cut with the grain (pare) or to cut across the grain (chop). Plastic-handled chisels with a steel striking plate can be driven either by hand or by striking them with a hammer or mallet. Wood-handled chisels should never be struck with a hammer because this would destroy the handle. Chisels are made in many styles, each for a specific use, but for our purposes an assortment of four butt chisels in widths ranging from 1/4 in. to 1 in. is a good place to start. (Approximate price $50.) 凿子是仅次于刀的基本切割工具。它是由一个3~8英寸长的凿刃铁固定在木质或塑料的手柄上构成的。在凿刃部分有一个15~35°的斜角，具体斜度取决于凿子的设计用途。凿刀既可以沿木纹切割，也可以隔断木纹。塑料手柄并带有一个钢质盾片的凿子既可以用手推也可以用锤子砸，而木柄的凿子不能用锤子砸，因为那会弄坏木柄。凿子有很多种类，各有各的用途，但按照我们的需求，只要买4个宽度从1/4英寸至1英寸的凿子就可以了。（大致价格 50美元） Sharpening Stone And Guide 磨刀石和导向器 
Keeping a sharp edge on chisels and plane irons is absolutely necessary for the successful and safe use of these tools. A sharpening stone and honing guide are required for this task. While many sharpening systems are available, one of the best is a combination waterstone. The Norton Co. manufactures stones with 220/1000 grit and 1000/4000 grit combinations. For a beginner's all-around use the 220/1000 grit is the best choice. The stone should be soaked in water for about 15 minutes before use and kept wet during sharpening. The water keeps the metal particles from becoming embedded in the stone and glazing its surface. 为了使凿刀和刨子好用且安全，必须保证他们的刃足够锋利。磨刀石和导向器就是为了完成这项工作。虽然有很多种磨刀方式可供选择，一块双面水磨石仍然是最好的选择之一。Norton公司制造220/1000目和1000/4000目的双面磨石。对新手来说，200/1000目的是最好的选择。磨石在使用前应泡水至少15分钟，并在使用中也要保证湿润。水可以阻止金属粒子渗入磨刀石并在上面形成金属层。 A honing guide is a jig that holds a chisel or plane iron at a constant angle against the stone. To sharpen a tool, move it back and forth on the stone to form the cutting edge. (Approximate prices: stone, $35; guide, $25.) 导向器是一个可以把凿子或刨铁按一定角度固定的配件。要磨利一件工具，只需让它在磨刀石上前后摩擦。（大致价格：磨刀石35美元，导向器25美元） Doweling Jig 圆榫打孔模具 
Dowels are one of the simplest and best means for assembling a joint or aligning two adjacent surfaces. A doweling jig provides a guide for accurately boring the required holes. These jigs come with a variety of bushings, usually ranging in diameter from 1/8 in. to 1/2 in., and a clamping arrangement that holds the desired bushing in position over the workpiece. A drillis used to drive the appropriately sized bit through the bushing to form a hole. A stop is normally attached to the bit to limit the depth of the hole. (Approximate price $40.) 圆木榫是组合一个节点或连接两个版面的最简单、有效地方法。圆榫打孔模具可以让你精确地打出所需的孔。模具自带多种轴套，通常从直径1/8英寸到1/2英寸都有，还会带有一个可以固定轴套的夹具。用电钻和合适直径的钻头通过轴套打孔，通常要在钻头上加个定位器以限制打孔深度。（大致价格 40美元） Marking Gauge 划线器 
A combination mortise and marking gauge is extremely useful for joint layout. One side of the gauge has two adjustable pins for scribing the parallel lines needed for mortise or tenon cuts. The opposite side of the gauge has a single pin for general marking, either parallel to or across the grain. (Approximate price $40.) 划线器对于接头部位的放线很有用。划线器的一侧有两个可调节的针尖，它们是用来画做方榫眼或方榫头的平行线的。划线器的另一侧有一个针尖，可以用它来标划任何直线。划线器既可以顺着木纹划线，也可以垂直木纹划线。（大致价格 40美元） *需要看大图的可以上taobao搜木井方欧式划线器 Orbital Sander 砂方机
Sanding is an essential part of the finishing process for almost any woodworking project. While sanding is probably the least popular aspect of woodworking, it does not need to be tedious or unpleasant. A 1/4 sheet orbital palm sander makes this task relatively painless. An assortment of sandpaper in grits of 100, 120, 150, 180 and 220 will cover most sanding needs. Aluminum oxide paper will provide the longest use and prove to be the most economical choice. It's also wise to have a selection of three grades of steel wool, No. 00, No. 000 and No. 0000, on hand for use during most finishing procedures. (Approximate price $60.) 对于几乎所有木工作品来说，打砂都是便面处理中很重要的程序。同时，打砂也是木工操作中最乏味的一项，但不必为此发愁。一台1/4张（砂纸大小的）手持砂方机会让这项工作变得没那么痛苦。一套100、120、150、180、220目的砂纸基本那就可以应付所有的情况了。氧化铝砂纸的寿命最长也最经济。在大多数打过过程中最好准备好00、000、0000这三个级别的钢丝棉。（大致价格 60美元） Combination Rasp/File 组合锉
If you are interested in doing any carving, or including shaped work of any kind in your projects, a combination rasp/file is a valuable addition to your collection. This tool combines a fine and medium rasp with a fine and medium file–to create four separate cutting surfaces. Rasps have small, individual cutting teeth that cut aggressively into wood. The files have a series of parallel and sometimes diagonally opposed ridges to smooth the wood. Used in combination, these tools can quickly shape either simple or complex forms. After using a rasp and file, the next step is to sand the work to a smooth finish. (Approximate price $15.) 如果你喜欢做一些雕刻，或者在作品上做些造型，组合锉将非常有用。组合锉由四种锉面组成，分别是细rasp、中rasp、细file、中file。rasp锉面是那种一个一个独立的小凸牙构成的，它比较容易把木头挫掉。file锉面则是由一条条平行的纹路构成，主要用来把木头磨光。组合使用这几种锉面可以快速完成简单或复杂的造型，锉完之后还要用砂纸打磨才能使完成面更光滑。（大致价格 15美元） *rasp和file大体上都可以翻译成“锉”，但按上文的解释这两种锉的纹路是不同的，不过译者也不清楚对应的中文学名，望知情者告知。 Clamps 夹钳
Unless your project parts are fastened with nails or screws, clamps will be required to pull joints tight and hold them while the glue sets. Clamps can be quite expensive–and keep in mind that most experienced woodworkers claim that they never have enough of them. Small quick clamps are good for light assembly and for holding a jig or straightedge in place. Larger quick clamps are for general assembly and laminating solid stock. Pipe clamps, which are made from clamp fixtures and standard black pipe, are necessary for panel, face frame and general furniture assembly. A handy feature of the pipe clamp system is that the fixtures can be removed from one pipe and threaded onto another of a different length, depending on your needs. Two 12-in. quick clamps and four pipe clamps are a good place to begin. (Approximate prices: quick clamps, $15 each; pipe clamp fixtures, $20 each; 5-ft. black pipe, $10.) 除非你的作品是用钉子或螺丝组合的，否则你在用胶粘结的时候一定会用到夹钳来保证构件连接紧密。夹钳可能会很贵，并且要记住大多数有经验的木工总会抱怨没有足够夹钳可用。小型快速夹适用于小件的组装以及固定一个辅助模具或靠山。大型快速夹则可用于任何组装以及开木料。管夹是由夹具和标准黑管组成的，主要用于组装面板、框架和一般家具。管夹的一个好处是夹具可以根据需要从一根管上卸下来，并拧到另一根合适长度的管子上。新手只要准备两只12英寸快速夹和四只管夹就够了。（大致价格：快速夹 15美元一只，管夹夹具20美元一个，5英尺长的黑管10美元） Straightedge 靠山
Most woodworking procedures begin by establishing one straight edge on each piece of stock. A combination clamp/straightedge tool can serve as a reference point for establishing that edge. If you are interested in doing quality work, this tool will become extremely important in your shop. It is a good idea to purchase the longest and most accurate model you can afford. A 50-in. tool, like the one shown here, is a great place to start. (Approximate price $40.) 大多木工工序都需要从把木料做出一个直边开始。用靠山和夹钳组合起来就可以用于建立这个直边。如果你打算精工细作，那么靠山将会是及其重要的工具。最好买你能承受得起的最长、最精确的型号。开始可以买一根50英寸长的。（大致价格：40美元） The preceding tools will accommodate most simple projects. But if you want to tackle a piece that includes a lot of curved cuts, then you should add an electric jigsaw to your collection right away. 上面这些工具足够做大多数简单的东西了。但是如果你想做一个有很多曲线切边的东西，那你需要再加上一把曲线锯。 |
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