职业规则

概念	解释
Business Ethics	that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct as it applies to business transactions
citizenship	the character of an individual viewd as a member of society; behavior in terms of duties, obligations and functions of a citizen
code of ethics	a declaration or public statement of professional standards of right and wrong conduct
confidentiality	to hold certian information in trust and not disclose without proper authorization or authority
conventional stage	(Kholberg) a stage of moral development in which the expectations of the social group (family, community and nation) are supported and maintained
culture	consists of abstract patterns (the rules, ideas, beliefs shared by members of society) of and for living and dying, which are learned directly or indirectly
ethics	that branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certian actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (webster)
ethnicity	the cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin
golden rule	a rule of ethical conduct found in some form in most major religious usually phrased, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you".
honesty	having a sense of honor; upright and fair dealing
integrity	fidelity to moral principles
law	rules that govern society
moral	(synonymous with ethical) refers to the customs, values, and standards of practice of a group, age, or theory intended to be timeless.
motives	something, as a reason or desire, acting as a spur to action
non-theistic	a philosophy that does not focus on the worship of a god or gods.
philosophy	the set of values, ideas and opinions of an individual or group
post-conventional stage	(kohlberg) a stage of moral development in which the individual considers universal moral principles which supersede the authority of the group
pre-conventional stage	(kohlberg) a stage of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on reward and punishment from those in authority
pre-moral stage	(kohlberg) a stage moral development in which the inididual is characterized as not understanding the rules or feeling a sense of obligation to them. looking to experience only that which is good or pleasant or to avoid that which is painful.
religion	a culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of: 1) sacred beliefs 2) emotional feelings accompanying the beliefs and 3) overt conduct presumable implementing the beliefs and feelings
situational ethics	moral principles that vary with circumstance
theism	a belief in god or gods
values	beliefs that are held in high esteem
acute grief	the intense physical and emotional expression of grief occuring as the awareness increases of a loss of someone or something significant
adaptation	the individual's ability to adjust the psychological and emotional changes brought on by a stressful even such as the death of a significant other
affect	the feelings and their expression
A.I.D.S.	acquired immune deficiency syndrome
alienation	the state of estrangement an inidvidual feels in social settings that are viewed as foreign, unpredictable or unacceptable
alternatives	providing a choice of services and merchandise available as families make a selection and complete funeral arrangements, formulating different actions in adjustine to a crisis
anger	is blame directed towards another person
anomic grief	a term to describe the experience of grief, espeically in young bereaved parents, where mourning customes are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the abscense of prior bereavement experience; typical in a society that has attempted to minimize the impact of death through medical control of disease and social control of those who deal with the dying and the dead.
anticipatory grief	syndrome characterized by the presence of grief in anticipation of death or loss; the actualy death comes as a confirmation of knowledge of a life-limiting condition
anxiety	a state of tension, typically characterized by rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and other similar ramifications of arousal of the autonomic nervous system; an emotion characterized by a vague fear or promonition that something undesirable is going to happen
at-need counseling	a death has occured and the funeral director is counseling with the family as they select the services and items of merchandise in completing arrangements for the funeral service of their choice.
attachment theory (bowlby)	it is the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for secrity and safety
attending (listening)	giving undivided attention by means of verbal and non-verbal behavior
bereavement	the experience of the emotion of grief
ceremony	a formal act or observance that may or may not have symbolic content
client-centered (non-directive; rogerian; person-centered)	a phrase coined by carl rogers to refer to that type of counseling where one comes actively and voluntarily to gain help on a problem, but without any notion of surrendering his own responsiblity for the situation; a non-drective method of counseling which streesses the inherent worth of the client and the natural capacity for growth and health
committal service	the rite of finality in a funeral service preceeding cremation, earth burial, entombment or burial at sea
communication	a general term for the exchange of information, feelings, thoughts and acts between two or more people, including both verbal and nonverbal aspects o fthis interchange
complicated (unresolved, chronic)	grief extending over a long period of time without resolution
congruence	according to client-centered counseling, the necessary quality of a counselor being in touch with reality and other's perception of one-self.
counselee	the individual seeking assistance or guidance
counseling (webster)	advice, especially that given as a result of consultation
counseling (jackson)	any time someone helps someone else with a problem
counseling (rogers)	good comminication within and between men; or good free communication within or between men is always therapeutic
counseling (ohlsen)	a therapeutic experiance for reasonably healthy persons. do no confuse this with psychotherapy which is treatment for emotionally disturbed persons, who seek or are referred for assistance with pathological problems. A counselor's clients are encouraged to seek assistance before they develop serious neurotic, psychotic, or charaterological disorders.
counselor	the individual providing assistance and guidance
crisis	a highly emotional termporary state in which an individual's feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion or pain impair his or her ability to act
crisis counseling	interventions for a highly emotional, temporary state in which individuals, overcome by feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion, or pain are unable to act in a realistic, normal manner. intentional responces which help individuals in a crisis situation.
death anxiety	a learned emotional response to death-related phenomenon which is characterized by extreme apprehension
delayed grief reaction	inhibited, suppressed or postponed responce to a loss
denial	the defense mechanism by which a person is unable or refuses to see things as they are because such facts are threatening to the self
directive counseling	couselor takes a live speaking role, asking questions, suggesting courses of action, etc.
displaced aggression	a defense mechanism in which anger is redirected toward a person or object other than the one who caused the anger originally.
emotions	feelings such as happiness, anger or grief, careated by brain patterns accompanied by bodily changes
empathy	the ability to enter into and share the feelings of others
euthanasia (right to die)	an act or practice of allowing the death of persons suffering from a life-limiting condition
exaggerated grief (worden)	persons are usually conscious of the realtionship of the reaction to the death, but the reaction to the currect experience is excessive and disabling
facilitate	to assist in understanding of the circumstances or situations the individual is experiencing, and to assist that person in the selection of an alternative adjustment if necessary
fear	strong emotion marked by such reactions as alarm, dread, and disquieting
focusing	centering a client's thinking and feelings on the situation causing a problem and assisting the person in choosing the behavior or adjustment to solve the problem
funeral rite	an organized, flexible, purposeful, group centered, time-limited response to death which reflects revernce, dignity and respect
funeral service pyschology	the study of human behavior as related to funeral service
frustration	the state of being prevented from attaining a purpose; thwarted; the blocking of the satisfaction of a perceived need by some kind of obstacle
genuineness	the ability to present one's self sincerely
goals	adjustments, motivational in nature, to be achieved
grief	an emotion or set of emotions due to a loss
grief counseling	helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthly completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame
grief syndrome (lindemann)	a process occuring with losses aimed at loosening the attachement ot that which has been lost for appropriate reinvestment
guidance	support or support system provided to the counselee who is seeking an alternative to problems
guilt	blame directed toward one's self based on real or unreal conditions
homicide	the killing of one human being by another
hospice	historically an inn for travelers, especially one kept by a religious order; also used to indicate a concept designed to treat patients with a life-limiting condition
illustrating	detailed examples of adjustments, choices, or alternatives available to the client or counselee from which a course of action may be selected
informational counseling	counseling in which a counselor shares a body of special information with a counselee
masked grief	occur when persons experience symptoms and behaviors which cause them difficulty but they do not see or recognise the fact that these are related to the loss
mitigation	any event, person or object that lessens the degreee of pain in grief
mourning	an adjustment process which involves grief or sorrow over a period of time and helps in the reorganization of the life on an individual following a loss of death of someone loved
non-verbal communication	that which is expressed by posture, facial expression, actions, physical behavior; that which is communivated by any means except verbally
option	choice of actions provided through counseling as a means on solving the counselee's problem
panic	a strong emotion characterized by sudden and extreme fear.
paraphrasing	expressing a though or idea in an alternate and sometimes a shortened form
post-funeral couseling	those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral
pre-need couseling	that counseling which occurs before a death
psychology	the study of human behavior
pschotherapy (jackson)	intervention with people whose needs are so specific that usually they can only be met by specifically trained physicians or psychologists. The practicioners in this field need special training because they often work with deeper levels of consciousness
rapport	a relation of harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity established in any human interaction
regression	adefense mechanism used in grief to return to more familiar and often more primitive modes of coping
respect (wolfelt)	the ability to communicate the belief that everyone possesses the capacity and right to choose alternatives and make decisions
ritual	any act that is charged with symbolic content
searching	preoccupied and intense thoughts about the deceased
shame	the asumption of blame directed toward one's self by others
shock	the reaction of the body to an even often experienced emotionally as a sudden, violent and upsetting disturbance
situational counseling	related to specific sitations in life that may create crisis and produce human pain and suffering. This type of couseling adds another diminsion to the giving of information in that it deals with significant feelings that are produced by life crises
sudden infant death syndrome	crib death. the sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, which remains unexplained after a complete autopsy and a review of the circumstances around the death
suicide	a deliberate act of self destruction
summary	a brief review of points covered in a portion of the counseling session
suppression	a conscious postponement of addressing anxieties and concerns
survivor guilt	guilt felt by the survivors
sympathy	sincere feelings for the person who is trying to adjust to a serious loss
thanatology	the study of death
thanatophobia	an irrational, exaggerated fear of death
verbal communication	spoken, oral communication
warmth and caring (wolfelt)	the ability to be considerate and friendly as demonstrated by both verbal and non-verbal behaviors