 Behavior Change Models |
A conceptual framework for analyzing and explaining behavior change |
| Cultural competence |
A set of knowledge and interpersonal skills that allows individuals to increase their understanding and
appreciation of cultural differences and similarities
|
| Cultural Groups |
Nonexclusive groups that have a set of values in common; an individual may be part of several cultural groups at the same time |
| Culture |
Learned patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that are shared by a group of people |
| Ethnocentrism |
Believing a particular cultural view is best |
| Models |
Generalized descriptions used to analyze or explain something |
| Motivation |
A state of readiness to change |
| Multicultural |
A description of a situation in which two or more distinct cultures interact |
| Self - Efficacy |
A behavior change model based on our personal belief of how capable we are of exercising control over events in our life |
| Self - Motivational Statements |
Arguments for making a behavior change made by the client |
| Theoretical tenets |
Major beliefs and assumptions held true by a particular theory |
| Theory |
An explanation based on observation and reasoning of what happens in the world |
| Worldview |
The perception of the world as biased by culture and personal experience |
| Person-centered therapy |
Counselors develop an environment of unconditional positive self-regard |
| Behavioral therapy |
Focus is on changing the environment
Behavior modification techniques address cues, substitutions, and consequences |
| Gestalt therapy |
Clients take responsibility for making dietary changes |
| Cognitive therapy |
Focus is on changing negative self-talk and irrational ideas |
| Family therapy |
Significant relationships are explored as a means to provide support or to lessen the impact of negative influences |
| Solution-focused therapy |
Clients focus on identifying strengths and expanding on past successes |
| Multicultural counseling |
Counselors appreciate multiple perspectives and provide culturally appropriate interventions |
| Self-efficacy |
A component of numerous behavior change models; belief in ability to make a behavior change
Key Concepts
*Increases probability of making a behavior change |
| Health belief model |
Perception of the health problem and appraisal of proposed behavioral changes are central to a decision to change
Key Concepts
*Perceived susceptibility
*Perceived impact
*Perceived advantages of change
*Appraisal of barriers
*Self-efficacy |
| Locus of control |
Behavior change is more likely to occur if there is a feeling of personal control over life events
Key Concepts
*Social support
*Choices |
Social cognitive theory /
social learning theory |
People and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other
Key Concepts
*Self-efficacy
*Knowledge and skills required
*Learning occurs through taking action, observations of others taking action, and evaluation of the results of those actions |
| Transtheoretical model |
Behavior change is explained as a readiness to change
Key Concepts
*Behavior change is describes as a series of changes
*Specific behavior change strategies are identified for each stage |
| Motivational interviewing |
Exploration of ambivalence
Key Concepts
*Reduce resistance
*Self-discovery is encouraged |
Health behavior
change method |
Guiding framework for method is patient centered and directive
Key Concepts
*Reduce resistance
*Exchange information
*Negotiate behavior change
*Readiness to take action is based on importance and confidence |
| Communication Roadblocks |
Obstacles that hamper self-exploration |
| Counseling Focus |
Placement of emphasis in a counseling response |
| Empathy |
true understanding of another's perspective |
| Intercultural Communication |
face-to-face interactions among people of diverse cultures |
| Skill |
an acquired ability to perform a given task |
| Synchrony |
Harmony of body language |
| Trait |
An inherent quality of mind or a personality characteristic |
| To acknowledge |
Responses that identify observations, affirm, show respect, or recognize the worthiness of the client. (Relationship building) |
| To explore |
Responses that explore ambivalence, consider new information, or gain insight. (Clarify concern) |
| To challenge |
Responses that notes a discrepancy |
| Space |
Ineffective nonverbal: distant or very close
Effective nonverbal: approximately arm's length |
| Posture |
Ineffective nonverbal: slouching; rigid; seated leaning away
Effective nonverbal: relaxed but attentive; seated leaning slightly toward |
| Eye contact |
Ineffective nonverbal: absent; defiant; jittery
Effective nonverbal: regular |
| Time |
Ineffective nonverbal: You continue with what you are doing before responding; in a hurry
Effective nonverbal: Respond at first opportunity; share time with client |
| Feet and legs (in sitting) |
Ineffective nonverbal: Used to keep distance between the persons
Effective nonverbal: Unobtrusive |
| Furniture |
Ineffective nonverbal: Used as a barrier
Effective nonverbal: Used to draw persons together |
| Facial expression |
Ineffective nonverbal: Does not match feelings; scowl; blank look
Effective nonverbal: Match your own or other's feelings; smile |
| Gestures |
Ineffective nonverbal: Complete for attention with your words
Effective nonverbal: Highlight your words; unobtrusive; smooth |
| Mannerisms |
Ineffective nonverbal: Obvious; distracting
Effective nonverbal: None or unobtrusive |
| Voice: volume |
Ineffective nonverbal: Very loud or very soft
Effective nonverbal: Clearly audible |
| Voice: rate |
Ineffective nonverbal: Impatient or staccato; very slow or hesitant
Effective nonverbal: Average or a bit slower |
| Energy level |
Ineffective nonverbal: Apathetic; sleepy; jumpy; pushy
Effective nonverbal: Alert; stay alert throughout a long conversation |
| Algorithm |
A step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a particular end |
| Intercultural counseling |
When the counselor and the client are from significantly different cultures |
| Learn Counseling Model |
A cross-cultural counseling model applicable to health care interventions |
| Models |
Generalized descriptions used to analyze or explain something |
| Motivation |
A state of readiness to change |
| Motivational Nutrition Counseling Algorithm |
A step-by-step procedure to direct the flow of a nutrition counseling session |
| Respondent-driven Interview |
A culturally sensitive approach to gathering information by asking simple, open-ended questions |
| Android Fat Distribution |
Waist and upper abdominal fat accumulation; apple shape |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) |
Preferred weight-for-height standard; determinant of health risk; predictor of mortality |
| Daily Food Guide |
A food group plan to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases; the Food Guide |
| Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) |
An eating plan focusing on whole foods emphasizing fruits and vegetables |
| Dietary Assessment |
Evaluation of nutrient intake and food patterns |
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) |
Four sets of nutrient recommendations of the United States and Canada; Estimated Average Requirements, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Adequate Intakes, and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels |
| Food Guide Pyramid |
Pictorial representation of five major food groups indicating kinds and amounts of food to consume |
| Gynoid Fat Distribution |
Fat accumulation in hips and thighs; pear shape |
| Hamwi Method |
Equation used to calculate ideal body weight |
| IAO Format |
A charting by exception documentation method; issue, assessment, and outcomes |
| Nutritional Assessment |
A comprehensive analysis of an individual's dietary evaluation; medical, medication, and psychosocial history; anthropometric data; biochemical data; and physical examination |
| Obesity |
A high amount of body fat as indicated by a weight 20 percent over the standard; a body mass index of 30 to 30.9 |
| Overweight |
A state in which body weight is 10 percent over the standard; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 |
| Soap Format |
A comprehensive documentation tool; subjective, objective, assessment, and plan |
| Waist Circumference |
A method to assess upper abdominal fat distribution |
| Waist-To-Hip Ratio |
Ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference; assessment of abdominal fat distribution |
| Client assessment questionnaire / historical data form |
A preliminary nutritional assessment form usually divided into sections for administrative data, medical history, medication data, psychosocial history, and food patterns |
| Food diary / daily food record |
A written record of an individual's food and beverages consumed over a period of time, usually three to seven days |
| Twenty-four-hour recall |
A dietary assessment method in which an individual is requested to recall all food and beverages consumed in a twenty-four-hour period |
| Food frequency |
A method of analyzing a diet based on how often foods are consumed |
| Usual diet |
Clients are led through a series of question to describe the typical foods consumed in a day |
| Diet history interview |
A conversational assessment method in which clients are asked to review their normal day's eating pattern |
| ABCs of Behavior |
Antecendent, behavior, and consequence; used to describe behavior chains |
| Barriers |
Obstacles that hinder accomplishment of a goal |
| Behavior chains |
A sequence of events that explains recurrence of behavior |
| Contract |
A formal agreement to implement a goal |
| Countering |
Substituting healthy responses for problem behaviors |
| Cue Management (Stimulus Control) |
Addresses antecedents of a behavior chain; technique involves using cues to increase or decrease a particular behavior |
| Daily Food Guide |
Sorts food into five major food groups |
| Exchange Lists |
Food management tools that organize foods by their proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat |
| Journaling |
A tracking method used to analyze and modify behavior |
| Modeling |
Behaviors learned by observing and imitating others |
| Reinforcement or Rewards |
Tangible or intangible incentives to encourage a behavior change |
| Cognitions |
What and how a person thinks and perceives based on life experiences |
| Cognitive Restructuring |
Challenging destructive thoughts, beliefs, and internal self-talk and substituting self-enhancing cognitions |
| Mental Imagery |
A mental rehearsal of an anticipated experience |
| Relapse Prevention |
Systematic approach to maintaining a behavior change; involves that identification of a preparation for high-risk situations |
| Social disclosure |
Sharing information about self in order to enhance lifestyle change objectives |
| Thought Stopping |
A technique using the word stop to end destructive reoccurring thoughts |
| Aerobic Activity |
Physical activity requiring oxygen; usually sustained longer than 3 minutes; required to develop cardiorespiratory fitness |
| Anaerobic Activity |
Physical activity not requiring oxygen; utilized during high-intensity activities and at the beginning of sustained aerobic activities |
| Cardirespiratory Fitness |
Reported as maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) |
| Flexibility |
Full range of joint motion without discomfort |
| Maximum Heart Rate |
Roughly 220 beats per minute minus age |
| Moderate Physical Activity |
Use of large muscle groups that are at least equivalent to brisk walking |
| Muscular Endurance |
Repetitive muscle contractions over a prolonged period |
| Muscular Strength |
Ability to generate appropriate force |
| Physical Fitness |
Set of attributes relating to the ability to perform physical activity; often viewed as cardirespiratory fitness;
components include flexibility, suitable body composition, muscular strength, and muscular endurance
|
| Vigorous Physical Activity |
Repetitive activities using large muscle groups at 70 percent or more of maximum heart rate |
| Code of Ethics |
Published ethical standards by a professional organization |
| Goal Attainment Scale |
A rating system with a range of values used to assess success in meeting goals |
| Standards of Professional Practice |
Components of high-quality dietetic practice |
| Counseling Checklists |
Step-by-step counseling guides |
| Informed Consent |
Sufficient information was supplied to make a decision regarding a course of action |
