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语法The Attributive Clause定语从句A
一、语法术语及基本概念：
1. 先行词 -----被定语从句所修饰的那个词。
2. 关系代词 关系副词-----用来引导定语从句的关联词。
关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which
关系副词 when where why
3. 定语从句----一个句子用作某一名词或代词的定语时，我们称这个句子为定语从句。
二、关系代词的用法：
1). 先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，用 who 或 that 来引导。e.g. Do you know the man who / that is standing over there?
The girl who / that took you to my place is my friend.
2). 先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，用 whom 或 that 来引导，但通常可以省略。先行词是人，关系代词在介词后面必须用 whom，而且不能省略，也不能用 that。
The boy (whom / that) we saw yesterday is Mr. Wang’s son.
The old man with whom I often go to the films is my grandfather.
3). 先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，用 which 或 that 来引导e.g. The train which / that has just left is for Guangzhou.
The earthquake which / that happened in 1906 was the biggest in American history.
4). 先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，用 which 或 that 来引导，但通常可以省略。
e.g. The bird (which / that) we caught the other day flew away yesterday. The pen with which I am writing was bought in the Shopping Center.
三、关系代词做介词宾语的情况：
1). 关系代词做介词宾语时，我们可以将介词置于定语从句的句首放在关系代词前这时关系代词不能省略。我们也可以把介词仍放在定语从句的后部，当我们把介词放在定语从句的后部时，关系代词可以省略；也可以使用关系代词 that。
e.g. Do you know the man (whom / that) she was talking to?
= Do you know the man to whom she was talking ?
The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what it was going on inside the house.
2). 介词前置有这样几个要求：
a. 关系代词指人时，只能用“介词+whom”，不能用“介词+that”；省略关系代词时，介词不能前置。
1. The boy (who / whom / that) you should write to is Tom.
2. The boy to whom you should write is Tom.
b. 关系代词指物时，只能用“介词+which” 不能用介词+ that”,省略关系代词时， 介词不能前置。
1. This is the hospital (which / that) my sister was born in.
2. This is the hospital in which my sister was born .
c. 固定短语动词不能拆散使用。即：不能把其中的介词或副词移至从句的句首。1. This is the child (whom / that) she takes care of.
4． 关系代词 whose 的用法：
1). 关系代词 whose 意思是“谁的”，“什么的”；它是 who 和 which 的所有格形式，它可以用来引导定语从句，并且在定语从句中做定语，修饰从句的主语或宾语。
e.g. This is the house whose door faces east.
the door of which faces east
of which the door faces east.
5． 关系代词 which 和 as 在引导定语从句时的区别：
1). 关系代词 which 和 as 都能用来引导非限制性的定语从句，代表整个主句的内容。有时候可以互换使用。
e.g. She failed in the exam, which / as was natural.
He is an honest boy, which / as anybody can see.
2). 定语从句放在句首时，只能用 as 来引导，不能使用 which。as 引导的定语从句也可以放在句中。
e.g. She comes from Africa, as can be seen from her skin. 句型转换（用 which）____________________________________________________
As we all know, the earth moves around the sun. 句型转换（用宾语从句）__________________________________________________
3). 当 as 在定语从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词常常用被动语态；如果从句的谓语是主动语态，则用 which。
e.g. As is well known to all, China is a developing country. 句型转换(用主语从句)__________________________________________________
She is from the south of China, which I know from her accent.
This kind of computer, as is well known, is out of date.
4). 非限制性的定语从句如果是否定句，则常常用 which 来引导。
e.g. Mr. Zhang usually criticizes Wang Jun in public, which he doesn’t like at all.
5). 非限制性的定语从句的谓语如果是复合结构，则常常用 which 来引导。
e.g. Tom made great progress in Chinese, which made us delighted.
The meeting room hasn’t been cleaned for weeks, which makes it very dirty. It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.
6). as 常用于某些固定句型之中如 “as often happens”, “as was pointed out”, “as was said above”, “as I remember”, “as I understand”.
e.g. As was said above, we should stop polluting the earth. As I understand, he won’t go out.
6． 只能使用关系代词 that 引导的定语从句：
1). 先行词是不定代词 all, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one, little, much 等，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. Is there anything that I can do for you?
Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
All we have to do is to press the button.
2). 先行词被 only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, just, very 等词修饰时，只能使用 that。
e.g. This is one of the presents that my boy friend gave me on my birthday. 3). 先行词是形容词的最高级或被形容词的最高级所修饰时，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. The most important thing that should be done recently is how to collect enough money for that poor student.
4). 先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. This is the fifth book that he has ever written. When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into mind is the West Lake.
5). 先行词中既有人又有物，用 who 或 which 都不合适时，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. The car and the driver that killed an old woman were held up by the police.
They talked about things and persons that they remembered at school.
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well-known.
6) 先行词为数词时，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. He brought three children yesterday,
Now I can see the three that are playing in the garden.
7) 复合句中含有两个修饰人的定语从句，其中一个已经用了 who，另一个只能使用 that。
e.g. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
8). 主句是 there be 结构，如果需要修饰的主语是物，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
9). 被修饰的成分为表语，或者关系代词本身在定语从句中做表语，只能使用 that。
e.g. That is a good book that will help you a lot.
He is no longer the man that he was.
My hometown is no longer the city that it used to be.
句型转换_______________________________________________(用表语从句)
1. That good book is what will help you a lot.
2. The man is no longer what he was. (what he used to be)
3. My hometown is no longer what it used to be.
10). 当主句中有 who, which 时，而定语从句中也要用到 who 或 which 时，为了避免 who…who, which…which 重叠，只能使用关系代词 that。
e.g. Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7． 只能使用关系代词 which 引导的定语从句：
1). 当先行词是物，非限制性定语从句只能使用关系代词 which 来引导。
2). 当先行词是物，介词放在关系代词前面时，这个关系代词只能是 which。
e.g. A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
3). 复合句中含有两个修饰物的定语从句，其中一个已经用了 that，另一个只能使用关系代词 which。 。
e.g. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
4). 先行词是集合名词时，如果着眼于集体，关系代词只能是 which。
e.g. Our basketball team, which took the second place last year, play better this years.
8． 只能使用关系代词 who 引导的定语从句：
1). 当先行词是 those, one, ones, anyone 等时，关系代词只能是 who。
e.g. Those who want to see the film, please raise your hands. Anyone who plays with fire will get burnt.
2). 当先行词是用-body, 或-one 构成的不定代词时，关系代词只能是 who。 e.g. Is there anybody else who should be invited?
3). 当先行词后面有较长的后置定语或者定语从句被分隔时，关系代词只能是 who。
e.g. A teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese.
4). 当先行词是集合名词时，如果着眼于个体，关系代词只能是 who。
e.g. Our class, who are made up of the top students, will do our best in the coming mid-term exam.
5). 主句是 there be 结构，如果需要修饰的主语是人，只能使用关系代词 who。 e.g. There is a gentleman who wants to see you.
语法The Attributive Clause定语从句B
9． 关系副词 when, where, why 的用法：
1). 关系副词 when 引导的定语从句：when 表示时间，在从句中做状语，用来修饰表示时间的名词如：(time, day, year, hour, week)等。它可以用相应的“介词 + 关系代词”来进行替换。
e.g. I’ll never forget the day when / on which I saw Chairman Mao.
We won’t forget the days when / during which we stayed with you.
2). 关系副词 where 引导的定语从句：where 表示地点，在从句中做状语，用来修饰表示地点的名词如：(place, room, house, square, office)等。它可以用相应的“介词+ 关系代词”进行 替换。
e.g. This is the place where / in which he works.
= This is the place (which) he works in.
The house where / in which Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest. = The house (which / that) Lu Xun once lived in has become a place of interest.
3). 关系副词 why 引导的定语从句：why 表示原因，在从句中做状语，用来修饰表示原因 的名词如：(reason)等。它可以用相应的“介词+ 关系代词”来进行替换.
e.g. I don’t know the reason why / for which he said that.
= I don’t know the reason (which / that) he said that for.
Can you tell me the reason for which / why you didn’t finish your homework? = Can you tell me the reason (which / that) you didn’t finish your homework for?
10．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
1)． 从形式上来看，非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号隔开；限制性定语从句与主句之间没有逗号隔开。e.g. This is the place where the Red Army made the crossing in 1934.
Mr. Smith, who came to see us yesterday, is a relative of my wife.
2)． 从内容上来看，非限制性定语从句可以省略而意义保持完整；限制性定语从句不可以省略。如果省略掉意义不能保持完整。
e.g. Do you know the reason why I was late?
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.
The dog which was lost has been found.
The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light.
3). 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句所表达的意义不一样。
e.g. She has a uncle who is a teacher.
She has a uncle, who is a teacher.
In the class there are 12 students who are good at English.
In the class there are 12 students, who are good at English.
4). 非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导，只能用 which 来引导。
11. “one of the + 复数名词”后面的定语从句中 谓语动词的单数与复数用法： He is one of the teachers that play basketball very well.
He is the only one of the teachers that is good at singing.
结论 A. 先行词是“one of the + 复数名词”这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词通常用复 数形式。
e.g. He is one of the few teachers who know Japanese well. She is one of the students who study very hard in Class I.
结论 B．如果“one of the + 复数名词” 这一结构前面带有 the only 之类的限定词，后面的定 语从句中的谓语动词通常用单数形式。这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰 the only one，而不 是那个复数名词。
e.g. Mr. Chen is the only one of the teachers who has published many English books in our school.
He is the only one of the students who studies very hard in Class III.
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