话题七：生态环保类
(一)
(2010·安徽高考)
Theneedtofeedagrowingpopulationisputtingmuchpressureontheworld''ssupplyofwater.With97%oftheworld''swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture,theworldwidesupplyofwaterneedscarefulmanagement,especiallyinagriculture.Althoughtheideaofawatershortage(短缺)seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfallcountry,manyoftheworld''sagriculturalindustriesexperienceconstantwatershortages.
Althoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindryareasanddryseasons,thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areveryhigh.Notonlyistherethecostoftheengineeringitself,butthereisalsoanenvironmentalcosttobeconsidered.Wherevalleys(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams,housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroyed.Besides,watermayfloweasilythroughpipestofields,butitcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.Eachcountrymustthereforerelyonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplyitsfarmingrequirements.
Thisisparticularlytroublingforcountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation(灌溉).InTexas,farmers''overuseofirrigationwaterhasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleyareaofsouthwesternUSA,ahugewaterengineeringprojectprovidedwaterforfarmingindryvalleys,butmuchofthewaterusehasbeenpoorlymanaged.
SaudiArabia''sattemptstogrowwheatindesertareashaveseenthepumpingofhugequantitiesofirrigationwaterfromundergroundreserves.Becausethereisnorainfallintheseareas,suchreservescanonlydecrease,anditisbelievedthatfiftyyearsofpumpingwillseethemrundry.
1.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat________.
A.muchoftheworld''swaterisavailableforuse
B.peopleinhighrainfallcountriesfeellucky
C.thecostsofwaterredistributionshouldbeconsidered
D.watercanbeeasilycarriedthroughpipesacrosstheworld
2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?
A.ThewaterstoresinTexashavebeenreducedby75%.
B.Mostindustriesintheworldsufferfromwatershortages.
C.TheundergroundwaterinSaudiArabiamightrunoutin50years.
D.GoodmanagementofwateruseresultedfromtheprojectintheCentralValley.
3.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?
A.Stepstoimprovingwaterusemanagement.
B.Waystoreducethecostsofbuildingdams.
C.Measurestodealwithworldwidewatershortages.
D.Approachestohandlingthepressureonwatersupply.
4.Thetextismainlyabout________.
A.watersupplyandincreasingpopulation
B.waterusemanagementandagriculture
C.waterredistributionandwildlifeprotection
D.watershortagesandenvironmentalprotection
答案与解析
世界的可用淡水资源有限，但农业在利用水资源过程中存在不尽如人意之处，本文指出了其中的一些问题。
1．C细节理解题，由文中第一段第二句“With97%oftheworld''swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture...”可知A选项错误；由第一段第三句“...strangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfallcountry...”可知B选项不合文意；第二段前两句指出水资源的重新分配的费用极高，一方面是水利过程本身的造价，另一方面也会对生态造成极大的破坏，所以选项C正确，根据第二段第四句“...itcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.”可知D项不正确。
2．C细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“...hasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.”可判断A选项不正确；由第一段最后一句可判断B选项错误；由文章最后一句“...fiftyyearsofpumpingwillseethemrundry.”可知C项正确。根据文章第三段最后一句可知D项不正确。
3．A判断推理题。文章前面一部分主要是讲述农业在利用水资源过程中存在的问题，接下来应该是介绍加强水资源管理的方法和措施，所以A选项正确。
4．B主旨大意题。由第一段第二句可知。
(二)
(2010·辽宁高考)
ItwasavillageinIndia.Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.Afterall,theirforefathershadlivedinthesamewayforcenturies.
Thenoneday,somevisitorsfromthecityarrived.Theytoldthevillagersthereweresomepeopleelsewherewholikedtoeatfrog''slegs.However,theydidnothaveenoughfrogsoftheirown，andsotheywantedtobuyfrogsfromotherplaces.
Thisseemedlikemoneyfornothing.Thereweremillionsoffrogsinthefieldsaround，andtheywerenousetothevillagers.Alltheyhadtodowascatchthem.Agreementwasreached，andthechildrenweresentintothefieldstocatchfrogs.Everyweekatruckarrivedtocollectthecatchandhandoverthemoney.Forthefirsttime,thepeoplewereabletodreamofabetterfuture.Butthedreamdidn''tlastlong.
Thechangewashardlynoticedatfirst,butitseemedasifthecropswerenotdoingsowell.Moreworryingwasthatthechildrenfellillmoreoften,and,thereseemedtobemoreinsectsaroundlately.
Thevillagersdecidedthattheycouldn''tjustwaittoseethecropsfailingandthechildrengettingweak.Theywouldhavetousethemoneyearnedtobuypesticides(杀虫剂)andmedicines.Soontherewasnomoneyleft.
Thenthepeoplerealizedwhatwashappening.Itwasthefrog.Theyhadn''tbeenuseless.Theyhadbeendoinganimportantjob—eatinginsects.Nowwithsomanyfrogskilled,theinsectswereincreasingmorerapidly.Theyweredamagingthecropsandspreadingdiseases.
Now，thepeoplearestillpoor.Butintheeveningstheysitinthevillagesquareandlistentosoundsofinsectsandfrogs.Thesesoundsofthenightnowhaveamuchdeepermeaning.
1.FromParagraph1，welearnthatthevillagers________.
A.workedveryhardforcenturies
B.dreamedofhavingabetterlife
C.werepoorbutsomewhatcontent
D.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers
2.Whydidthevillagersagreetosellfrogs?
A.Thefrogswereeasymoney.
B.Theyneededmoneytobuymedicine.
C.Theywantedtopleasethevisitors.
D.Thefrogsmadetoomuchnoise.
3.Whatmightbethecauseofthechildren''ssickness?
A.Thecropsdidn''tdowell.
B.Thereweretoomanyinsects.
C.Thevisitorsbroughtindiseases.
D.Thepesticideswereoverused.
4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastsentenceofthetext?
A.Happinesscomesfrompeacefullifeinthecountry.
B.Healthismoreimportantthanmoney.
C.Theharmonybetweenmanandnatureisimportant.
D.Goodolddayswillneverbeforgotten.
答案与解析
本篇文章为记叙文。主要讲述印度一个小村庄的人们在外乡人的诱导下为了追求金钱收益捕杀青蛙，结果破坏了生态平衡。意识到这个问题后，他们及时停止了捕杀，重新回到了宁静的乡村生活。
1．C细节理解题。第一段中有“Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.”和C项意思一致。
2．A细节理解题。根据第二段的“Thisseemedlikemoneyfornothing.”句中fornothing是“免费的”意思，说明青蛙容易得到，并能赚到钱，村民才答应卖。
3．B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Theyhadbeendoinganimportantjob—eatinginsects.Nowwithsomanyfrogskilled,theinsectswereincreasingmorerapidly.Theyweredamagingthecropsandspreadingdiseases.”可以推断出庄稼收成不好，孩子生病与青蛙减少、害虫增多有关。
4．C推理判断题。最后一句说明人们过度捕杀造成生态失衡，由此也影响了人类，因此，可以推断人与自然的和谐是重要的。
(三)
Weproduce500billionofplasticbagsinayearworldwideandtheyarethrownawaypollutingoceans，killingwildlifeandgettingdumpedinlandfillswheretheytakeupto1000yearstodecompose.Researchershavebeenunsuccessfullylookingforasolution.
The16-year-oldCanadianhighschoolstudent，DanielBurd,fromWaterlooCollegiateInstitute,hasdiscoveredawaytomakeplasticbagsdegrade(分解)inasfewas3months，afindingthatwonhimfirstprizeattheCanada－WideScienceFair，a$10000prize，a$20000scholarship,andachancetorevolutionizeamajorenvironmentalissue.
Burd''sstrategywassimple:Sinceplasticdoeseventuallydegrade,itmustbeeatenbymicroorganisms(微生物).Ifthosemicroorganismscouldbeidentified,wecouldputthemtoworkeatingtheplasticmuchfasterthanundernormalconditions.
Withthisgoalinmind,hegroundplasticbagsintoapowderandconcocted(调制)asolutionofhouseholdchemicals,yeast(酵母)andtapwatertoencouragemicrobesgrowth.Thenheaddedtheplasticpowderandletthemicrobesworktheirmagicfor3months.Finally，hetestedtheresultingbacterialcultureonplasticbags，exposingoneplasticsampletodeadbacteriaasacontrol.Sureenough,theplasticexposed(暴露)tothelivebacteriawas17%lighterthanthecontrolaftersixweeks.
Theinputsarecheap：maintainingtherequiredtemperaturetakeslittleenergybecausemicrobesproduceheatastheywork,andtheonlyoutputsarewaterandtinylevelsofcarbondioxide.
“AlmosteveryweekIhavetodochoresandwhenIopentheclosetdoor,Ihavepilesofplasticbagsfallingontopofme.Oneday,IgottiredofitandIwantedtoknowwhatotherpeoplearedoingwiththeseplasticbags.Theanswer：notmuch.SoIdecidedtodosomethingmyself.”saidDanielBurd.
1.DanielBurdwonfirstprizeattheCanada－WideScienceFairbecause________.
A.hefoundanewkindofmicroorganism
B.hecontributedmuchtoenvironmentalprotection
C.hefoundawaytodegradeplasticsinshortertime
D.hecouldencouragemicrobesgrowthinaneasierway
2.DanielBurdexposedoneplasticsampletodeadbacteriato
________.
A.makethelivebacteriaworkbetter
B.testhoweffectivehismethodwas
C.knowwhichbacteriaworkedfaster
D.controlthetemperatureintheprocess
3.Maintainingtherequiredtemperaturetakeslittleenergybecause________.
A.plasticscangethoteasily
B.microbescanproduceheatthemselves
C.muchcarbondioxideisproduced
D.thetemperaturecanbecontrolled
4.DanielBurdgothisideafrom________.
A.hisschooltextbook
B.thefailureofresearchers
C.hiseverydaywork
D.thepracticeofotherpeople
答案与解析
1．C细节理解题。从文章第二段可知，他因发现短时间降解塑料袋的方法而获奖，故答案选C项。
2．B推理判断题。从文章第四段中的“...exposingoneplasticsampletodeadbacteriaasacontrol”可推断，他这样做的目的在于测试他的方法是否有效，所以答案为B项。
3．B细节理解题。从文章倒数第二段中的“maintainingtherequiredtemperaturetakeslittleenergybecausemicrobesproduceheatastheywork”可知答案选B项。
4．C推理判断题。从文章最后一段丹尼尔·伯德说的话可推知，他是从每天的工作中得到启发的，故答案选C项。
(四)
(2010·山东烟台检测)
Therehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthenumberofnaturaldisastersoverthepastfewyears，anditisassumedthatglobalwarmingandclimatechangecouldcauseevenmoredisastersinthefuture.Someoftheworld''sleadingcitiesarefacingdisasterslikefloodsandheatwaves.
London
London''sflooddefencesaregettingolder.Since1982,theThamesBarrier(水闸)hasprotectedthecityfromthethreatofflooding，butitwasonlydesignedtolastuntil2030andcloseonceeverytwoorthreeyears.About21yearslaterthebarriernowclosesfiveorsixtimesayearandaccordingtoEnvironmentAgencypredictions,by2050thebarrierwillbeclosedonalmosteverytideiftheproblemisnotaddressed.
Thereare26undergroundstations,400schools,16hospitals，anairportand80billionworthofpropertyinLondon''sfloodriskarea,solargescalefloodingwouldbedisastrous.
Paris
Overasix-weekperiodinJulyandAugust2008，morethan11400—mainlyelderlypeople—diedinFrancefromdehydration(脱水)andextremelyhighbodytemperatureinadeadlyheatwave.Heatwavesofsimilarintensity(强度)areexpectedeverysevenyearsby2050,sowhatcanbedonetomakesuresuchadisasterdoesnothappenagain?
Onesolutionistohaveair-conditionersinstalledinelderlycarehomes.Butthisisconsideredashort-termsolution,astheincreaseindemandforelectricityalsoincreasescarbonemissions.
InParisthelocalauthoritiesareencouragingarchitectstodesignnewtypesofbuildingssuchasthebuilding“FlowerTower”，whichusesacoveringofbambootoactasanaturalair-conditioner.
Shanghai
ShanghaiisthefastestgrowingcityonEarth.Ithasapopulationof18millionandisonly4metersabovesealevel.Sealevelsarepredictedtoriseby20cmwithinthenextcentury.
Anestimated250,000peoplemovetoShanghaieveryyearinsearchofwork,placingextrademandsonenergyconsumption.Chinareliesheavilyoncoal-firedpowerstations,buttheseemissionsincreasetemperaturesand,inturn,warmerseasincreasetheriskoftyphoons.
1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.BigCitiesFacingBigDisasters
B.BigDisastersintheFuture
C.TheIncreaseofNaturalDisasters
D.SolutionstoNaturalDisasters
2.WhatproblemshouldbesettlednowinLondon?
A.Howtoprotectthecity''sproperty.
B.Wheretobuilditsflooddefences.
C.HowtousetheThamesBarriertoprotectthecity.
D.Howtoimprovethefunctionoftheoldflooddefences.
3.Whichofthefollowingmeasurescan''tsolvetheheatwavedisasterinParis?
A.Puttingupnewtypesofbuildingswithacoveringofbamboo.
B.Havingair-conditionersinstalledinelderlycarehomes.
C.Forbiddingthecitytobuild“FlowerTower”．
D.Encouragingarchitectstodesignnewtypesofbuildings.
4.ThemajorthreatstoShanghaiare________.
A.increasingpopulationandcoal-firedpowerstations
B.risingsealevelsandtyphoons
C.extremelyhightemperatureandrisingsealevels
D.extrademandsonenergyconsumptionandtyphoons
5.Thepurposeofthepassageis________.
A.totellushowtoprotectthebigcities
B.togiveadviceonhowtodefendnaturaldisasters
C.toexplainwhatcausesfloodandheatwaves
D.towarnusoftheincreasingnaturaldisastersinbigcities
答案与解析
1.A主旨大意题。抓住关键词，全文主要是围绕着三个闻名于世的大城市面临的灾难展开介绍的，关键词是bigcity和disasters。
2.D细节理解题。在介绍伦敦时，第一句话“London''sflooddefencesaregettingolder.”就点明了伦敦的危机暗伏的原因是防洪堤老化。所以解决的方法就是改善防洪堤。
3.C推理判断题。在介绍巴黎时，说到了解决问题的两种办法，一种是使用空调，但这种办法不是长久之计；另外一种就是在建筑上使用竹子屋顶型的花塔，所以A、B、D三项均正确，而C项forbid正好与文章要表达的意思相反。
4.B细节理解题。在介绍上海这一城市时，第一段说的是海平面，第二段说的是台风。
5.D主旨大意题。作者写这篇文章的目的就是呼吁人们关注全球变暖和气候变化对地球的影响，就全文来说，是希望引起人们关注灾害对大城市的破坏。
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