|
名词性从句 考纲解读 掌握名词性从句的基本结构以及在句子中的作用； 掌握名词行从句不同连接词； 弄清名词性从句与定语从句及状语从句的区别。 二. 高考要求
三. 考点及命题趋势 考点： 1.名词性从句考察重点是连接词的选用 2.名词性从句与其他从句的区别 命题趋势：名词性从句重点考查基础知识在语境中的运用，尤其是what,whether,that wh-ever,where 等引导的各类名词性从句 四. 知识框架
五. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词：that（无任何词意） whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） ★以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词： what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 连接副词： when, where, how, why ★不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. Whether he will come is not clear. 六. 主语从句 概念和引导词 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the match is still unknown. It is known to us how he became a writer. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 2，主语从句不缺成分用that引导主语从句 That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. That he loves the dog is certain. =It is certain that he loves the dog. 3. it作形式主语 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。It 作形式主语的常见句型： （1）It + be + 名词(pity, shame, wonder news etc) + that从句(should + V) （2）It + be + 形容词（necessary, important, strange, easy etc)+ that从句（should）+V （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词(suggested, advised, ordered, requested, insisted etc) + that从句(should + V) （4）It +be+动词的过去分词（said, reported, believed etc)+that从句 （5）It + 不及物动词(seem, occur, happen, remain) + that 从句(should+V) It is a pity that you didn't win the game. It is no wonder that he looks like his mother . It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. It is necessary that you should learn something here. It is said that he had gone abroad. It doesn't matter whether you like it It does matter that you like it 4. 单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。 e.g. What he said has nothing to do with me. What he said and what he did have nothing to do with me. 5. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (√) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (×) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (√) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (×) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (√) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (×) 七. 宾语从句 1.定义和引导词 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 (1)作动词的宾语 a.由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that be joined the army. b.由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. c.动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. (2) 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. (3) 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 2. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 （1）由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： e.g. She told me (that) she would accept my invitation. （2）在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如： e.g. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 (3)that 引导的宾语从句一般不能从当介词的宾语，但可以作except, but, besides, in的宾语 e.g. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 3. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: e.g. I want to know what he has told you. 4. it作形式宾语 （1）如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且that也不能省略。 e.g. We make it clear that we can do it well. （2）除了except, but, besides, in等介词，其他介词后要用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句后置。 e.g. You may depend on it that I shall always help you. (3) 动词think, believe, consider, suppose it +adj.+从句 e.g. I think it important that we learn English. (4) 表示情感类的动词like, hate, appreciate 等动词后的宾语从句用it作形式主语。 e.g. I appreciate it that you can help me with my English. 5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。 e.g. We don’t think you are here. 注意：hope不可以否定前移。 e.g. I hope that they won’t run into the trouble. 6. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如： e.g. I know (that) he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时） I know (that) he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时） I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时） I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时） 当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如： e.g. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America． 7. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。 e.g. I admire their winning the match. (√) I admire that they won the match. (×) 8. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。 e.g. He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (×) 八. 表语从句 1.表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语。一般放在主句的谓语动词（连系动词）之后，引导表语从句的词有连词that，whether，as if/though，because; 代词who, what, which;副词when, where, how, why 等。 2.系动词表
3.其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如： e.g. The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 4.当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。Because 可以引导表语从句，用于：that/this is because 例如： e.g. The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . This is because he missed the train by one minute. 5.whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 e.g. The question is whether you should accept the invitation. 九. 同位语从句 1.概念：同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等抽象。 e.g. The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 2.引导词的注意点： （1）连词that 只起引导同位语从句的作用，在中不作成分，但也不能省。 e.g. There is no doubt that he won the game . (2) whether, how, what, who ,where, etc 也可以引导同位语从句 e.g. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have. 十. That与what引导的名词性从句时的区别 That 和what 都可以引导名词性从句，但that是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，不在从句中充当任何成分。连接词that引导主语从句、同位语从句时不能省略。但在非正式英语中，当that引导的名词性从句作宾语或表语时，that可以省略。What 是连接代词，不仅引导名词行从句，而且在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语或表语，不能省略。 e.g. That he stole a bike was true. The important thing is what you do, but not what you say. 十一. Whether 和 if 引导的名词性从句的区别： 1. whether 和if 均可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时，从句作介词以及discuss的宾语时，宾语从句中只能用whether连接。 e.g. He asked me if/whether I could attend the meeting. I don’t care about whether you have money or not. 2. 在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中只能用whether连接，不用if。 e.g. Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. 3. Whether常与or连用表示一种选择，但if不能这么用；whether也可以与动词不定式连用，但if不能。 e.g. I haven’t decided whether to go or not. 4. whether 可引导一个让步状语从句，而if不能。 e.g. Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time. 十三.doubt 用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/if 引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用that引导名词性从句。be sure用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接that引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/if 引导的名词性从句。 e.g. We doubt whether/ if he can win the game. I’m not sure whether they will come or not. 十四. wh-ever与“no matter + 疑问词”的区别 wh-既可以引导名词性从句由可以引导让步状语从句；而“no matter + 疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。 e.g. Whatever I said, he wouldn’t listen to.= No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to.(让步状语从句) He would believe Whatever I said. (宾语从句) 另外，在whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever中，ever起强调作用，意为“究竟，到底”。 e.g. Wherever have you been? 你究竟去哪里了？ 十五. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1. 从意义上讲，同位语从句是对名词加以补充说明，定语从句是对名词性进行修饰限定。 2. 从结构上讲，同位语从句一般由连接词引导，定语从句由关系词引导。 3. 从内涵上讲，同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，定语从句所限定的名词时从句的逻辑主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。 4. 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，而引导定语从句的关系词作宾语时常可省略。 5. 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词，而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。 e.g. The news that won the match is true.（同位语从句） The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定语从句) 十四. 高考真题 1. （2010，江苏）—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. —That’s _____ I don’t agree. You should have a more active life. A. where B. how C. when D. what 解析：A 句意：—在周日，我更喜欢整天待在屋里听音乐。—那就是我不同意的地方，你应该过一种更加积极的生活。本题考查表语从句。agree为不及物动词，其后不能直接加宾语，故排除what; when 表时间，how表示方式，where表示具体地点或抽象地点。根据句意可知此处应用where引导表语从句。 2. （2010，山东）Before the sales start, I make a list of _____ my kids will need for the coming season. A. that B. what C. how D. which 解析：B 句意：在购物之前，我先列一张孩子们在下个季节所需要的东西的清单。本题考查宾语从句。本题中，宾语从句缺少宾语，且表示“物”，故用what引导。 3.（2010，北京）_____some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. A. Whether B. What C. That D. How 解析：B 句意：一些人认为是劣势的东西而另外许多人则会把它当作优势。本题考查主语从句。从句中谓语动词regard后面缺少宾语，应用what来作宾语并引导从句。 4.（2010,全国）—Have you finished the book? —No. I’ve read up to _____ the children discover the secret cave. A. which B. what C. that D. where 解析：D 句意：—你读完那本书了吗？—没有，我已经读到孩子们发现秘密山东的地方了。本题考查宾语从句作介词宾语。宾语从句中不缺少主语或宾语，故排除A, B, C三项。 5. （2010，重庆）To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions____ had used the products. A. whoever B. who C. whichever D. which 解析：A 句意：为提高产品的质量，我们向用过此产品的人征求意见。本题考查名词性从句。这里whoever（=anyone who）引导宾语从句，而且在从句中作主语。who引导宾语从句，意为“谁”，故被排除；whichever表选择；which指“哪一个”。 6.（2009，江苏）Many young people in the West are expected to leave_____ could be life’s most important decision -----marriage----- almost entirely up to luck. A. as B. whom C. which D. what 解析：D 句意：许多西方年轻人都期望把人生最重要的决定----婚姻----几乎都归因为运气。句中what could be life’s most important decision ---- marriage 作leave的宾语。what 在宾语从句中既起连接词的作用，又在句中充当主语。 7. （2009，安徽） A good friend of mine from _____ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. A. how B. whom C. when D. which 解析：C 句意：在我正要动身去北京前，我幼时的一个号朋友来我家里了。从句意分析，选择when表示从我出生时就是我的一个好朋友。 8. It is obvious to the students ____ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that 解析： D 句意：显然，学生们应该为他们的未来做好充分的准备。that引导主语从句，在从句中不作句子任何成分，It是形式主语。 9. （2009，陕西）The how to book can be of help to ____ wants to do the job. A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever 解析：D 句意：指南类的书堆想从事这项工作的任何人都会有帮助。本题考查宾语从句。首先排除C项，no matter who 只能引导状语从句；who表特指；whomever与whoever同样可以表示任何人，但设空处需作并与从句的主语，所以排除B。 10. （2009，江西）The fact has worried many scientists _____ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. A. what B. which C. that D. though 解析：C 句意：近些年来全球气候不断变暖，这一事实使得许多科学家感到担忧。本题考查同为语从句。同位语从句结构完整，故选用连词that。 对比性练习 1. _____ is known to the world, China’s Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the men’s A. That B. Which C. As D. It 2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 3. I don’t know the reason _____ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _____ you haven’t told me. A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that 4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _____ she had visited. A. that B. who C. where D. which 5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting. A. by which B. in which C. that D. where 6. There are three things _____ make Sydney famous ,its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. A. what B. that C. when D. where 7. The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, _____ he could be in close touch with other artists. A. where B. how C. when D. which 8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _____ most uncomfortable. A. which I think it was B. which I think was C. which I think D. that I think was 9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _____ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. where D. which 10. He knew the files could be of help to _____ took over the job. A. whoever B. whomever C. whatever D. whosever 11. _____ China got the second place in the 2004 Olympic Games made the whole nation very excited. A. Whenever B. Whether C. If D. That 12. An idea occurred to me _____ I might turn to my English teacher for help. A. which B. that C. where D. when 13. _____ was of little importance. A. Whether he passed the examination or not B. No matter he might pass the examination C. He might pass the examination D. What he passed the examination 14. The thick smoke covered the whole city. It was _____ a great black blanket had been thrown over it. A. that B. because C. as if D. even if 15. Word came from Mr. Smith _____ he could arrive on the following Saturday. A. about which B. that C. whether D. of which 16. It was the belief _____ Alex Haley could find his “root” in Africa _____ made him decide to go to Gambia. A. that; where B. where; that C. that; that D. how; which 17. I believe _____ you’ve done your best and _____ things will improve very soon. A. whether; that B. 不填; that C. that; which D. if; that 18. _____ was known to them that Bob had broken his promise _____ he would give them a rise. A. What; what B. It; which C. As; that D. It; that 19. _____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. A. For now B. Since that C. Now that D. By now 20. I have been keeping the portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my childhood in Paris. A. since B. where C. as D. if 21. _____ he was, he sat up late studying last night. A. As tired B. Though tired C. Tired as D. Tired although 22. --- Would you like a cigarette? --- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking. A. after B. since C. when D. before 23. My favorite room is the tidy study with a fireplace, _____ we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside. A. where B. when C. that D. which 24. It is an interesting story and one can’t put it down _____ one has finished reading it. A. after B. when C. unless D. until 25. --- Will you go to Mary’s birthday party? --- No. _____ invited, I can’t go. I’ll be too busy then. A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. When 26. Actually, girls can be _____ they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a general manager. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whoever 27. No sooner had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre _____ the curtain went up. A. than B. when C. before D. as soon as 28. We’ll start off as we planned _____. A. no matter he will come or not B. no matter whether he will come or not C. whether is he coming or not D. whether he comes or not 29. To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, _____ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before. A. that B. which C. where D. when 30. They wouldn’t let their cat outside _____ it would get run over. A. otherwise B. supposing C. for fear that D. so that 31. I’ll go to the party with you _____ you don’t wear those strange trousers. A. on condition that B. as soon as C. as though D. in this case 32. I like the city, but I like the country better _____ I have more friends there. A. so that B. in that case C. so as to D. in order that 33. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning. A. than B. rather than C. nor D. as 34. You may use my room as you like, _____ you clean it up afterwards. A. so far as B. as well as C. as soon as D. so long as 35. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel. A. presently B. quickly C. directly D. immediately 36. Let’s talk all this over again _____ we make a final decision. A. after B. while C. before D. when 37. Mr. Smith wanted to buy the house and he told me that _____ the house cost, it would be _____ it. A. however; worth B. how much; worth C. whatever; worth D. what; worthy 38. --- Why didn’t you try your best to get on the bus? --- I tried to, but _____ I could it started moving. A. until B. when C. before D. after 39. Perhaps _____ most separates the successful people from others is _____ they live on purpose. A. what; that B. that; what C. that; that D. what; what 40. I had not been reading for half an hour _____ I heard steps outside. A. when B. that C. while D. as 41. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone. A. to which B. the place which C. the place D. where 42. --- They don’t have much in their house yet. ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture. A. While B. Although C. Since D. As far as 43. It was an unforgettable moment for all the citizens this year, _____ in 20 years China’s women’s volleyball team won the Olympic gold medal again. A. that B. which C. when D. while 44. --- Do you know _____ Mr. Black’s address is? --- He may live at No. 18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. A. which B. where C. what D. that 45. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _____ he wants. A. what B. which C. when D. that 46. I’ll see you after the show and give you ＄20 for the tickets, or _____ much they cost. A. whatever B. whether C. no matter D. however 47. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, _____ you give us all the necessary information. A. in case of B. provided that C. or else D. as if 48. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred, which attracted my attention. A. unless B. until C. when D. while 49. Determination is a kind of quality --- and that is _____ it takes to do anything well. A. that B. which C. why D. what 50. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. how 51. Many policemen on duty will not be able to spare one minute to watch the football match, _____ they might only be meters away from the action. A. because B. although C. if D. where 52. After five hours’drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of. A. that B. where C. which D. what 53. _____ you keep on trying, I don’t really mind whether you can come out top in your class. A. So long as B. As soon as C. Once D. The moment 54. There is no doubt _____ China is always trying to keep world peace and against any war. A. that B. whether C. if D. when 55. There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _____ mouth tea is supposed to come. A. which B. that C. its D. whose 1---5 CAAAB 6---10 BCBDA 11---15 DBACB 16---20 BBDCB 21---25 CBACC 26--30 CADCC 31---35AADDD 36---40 CCCCA 41---45 DCCCA 46---50 DBCDA 51---55 BDAAD |
|
|
