背诵句式是非问题分析论证句式Whereasothersocietieslooktothepastforguidance,wecastournetsforward（面向未来）Itisthebeliefinabrighterfuturethatgivesusoptimism.Eventhesedays,whennotallprogressseemspositive(nuclearweapons,airpollution,unemployment,etc.),thebeliefremainsthatforeveryproblemthereisarationalsolution.Thejoboftheparentsistogivethechildreneveryopportunitywhiletheyaregrowingupandthengetoutoftheirway.Whatdeferencepeopleinauthoritydocommandisbasedontheiractualpowersratherthanontheirage,wisdom,ordignity.Inasocietythatchangesasfastasours,experiencesimplydoesnothavethevaluethatitdoesintraditionalsocieties.Ithastakenalongtimetoconvincethepublicthatfreeenterprisedoesnotmeanthatacompanyshouldbefreetopollutetheair,foultherivers,anddestroytheforests.Theassemblylinereducedworkerstocogsofmachineryandmadetheirjobsunutterablyboring,butitproducedgoodsfast.Foodisprepackagedandshoppingisimpersonal,buttheefficiencyoftheoperationproduceslowerpricesandlessshoppingtime.AsanAmericanisalwaysstrivingtochangehislot,heneverfullyidentifieswithanygroup.InAmerica,therearenosuchexpressionssuchasinchinawhere“thefatpiggetsslaughtered,”orinJapan,where“thenailthatsticksoutgetshammereddown.”ThisfreedomfromthegrouphasenabledtheAmericantobecome“EconomicMan”-onedirectedalmostpurelybyprofitmotive,mobileandunencumbered（不受阻碍的）byfamilyorcommunityobligations.Equippedwiththemoney,onecanacquirethetaste,style,andideasthatmarkeachclassandlaunchaquickascentofthesocialladder.Actually,personsinstatussocietieswhoaresecureintheirniches（适当的位置）areallowedmoreeccentricitythanAmericans,whorelyheavilyonsignalsthatotherpeoplelikethem.Whenhalfthepopulationgoestocollege,onecannotexpectthecollegestomaintainthesamestandardsasincountrieswhereonlytheeliteattend.JustasnoteveryJapaneseishardworkinganddeferentialtosuperiors（长者、上司）,noteveryChineseisdevotedtofamily,noteveryAmericanisambitiousorpatriotic-orevenunsophisticated.Noonecouldseriouslythinkthatanyonewhogrowsuppoor,livesinabadneighborhood,andattendsaninferiorschoolhasanopportunityequaltothatofsomeonemorefavored.Americansmaynothaveachievedequality,butatleasttheyaspiretoit,whichismorethanmanyothernationscanclaim.Inmanycountries,whenjobsbecomeavailableforyoungpeopleindistantcities,whentelevisionbeginstodominatehomelife,whenready-madefoodsappearinthemarkets,thecultureappearsmore“American”-althoughtheresemblancecouldbeentirelysuperficial.Someonewholooksaroundordownappearsshifty（不可靠的）toAmericans,althoughinfactonedoesn’tstarecontinuouslyattheotherperson,butglanceselsewhereeveryfewseconds.Whenthedemandforsomethingisgreaterthanitssupply,producersandsupplierswillsensethepossibilityofmakingaprofit-theexcessofrevenuesoverexpensesistheprofit.Asthecaseillustrates,competitiontakesfourgeneralforms:purecompetition,monopoly,monopolisticcompetition,andoligopoly（少数制造商对市场的控制）.Theclassicexampleofpurecompetitionoccurswithacommodity,likewheatorcorn,thathassomanyproducersthatnooneofthemcancontrolitssellingprice.Amonopolyoccurswhenonecompanyaloneoffersaparticularfoodorserviceandthereforecontrolsthemarketandpriceforit.Privaterestaurantsservegourmetfoodfor$70perperson;incentivesboostedagriculturalproduction25percentandindustrialoutput80percentinjustthreeyears;farmersareencouragedtoraiseasmuchastheycanontheirownplots,andsomebecomealmostrichintheprocess.（注意本句中分号的使用）AllthesechangesinChina’seconomiclifehavebroughtchangesinChina’ssocialandculturallifeaswell,manyofwhichunwanted.Ifproductivitymeasurestheefficiencyofaneconomy,ameasureofwhataneconomicsystemproducesisitsgrossnationalproduct(GNP),whichisthecurrentmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesthatanationproduceswithinaparticularperiod.Currentwisdomsaysthat（当前流行的看法认为）ifyouwantasuccessfulproduct,youneedfirsttoperformdetailedmarketanalysis,makingsurethatthereareplentyofpeoplewhoneedthenewproductandthatyourentryintothemarketwillbeabletogainasignificantshareofthatmarket.Startedattheturnofthecentury,3M(agiantAmericancompany)hasbeengrowingatahealthyrateofabout10percentayearanditboastsofhaving45,000productsonthemarket.AnentrepreneurissomeonelikeTomMonaghan,themanwhoafterbrusheswithbankruptcyturnedDomino’sPizzaintothenation’sfastest-growingfranchisechain.Theextenttowhichthebroadcastmediashouldbecensoredforoffensivelanguageandbehaviorinvolvesaconflictbetweenourrightasindividualstofreelyexpressourselvesandthedutyofgovernmenttoprotectitscitizenryfrompotentialharm.Althoughwemaynothaveconclusivescientificevidenceofacause-effectrelationship,ampleanecdotalevidenceestablishesasignificantcorrelation.Moreover,bothcommonsenseandourexperienceswithchildreninformusthatpeopletendtomimicthelanguageandbehaviortheyareexposedto.Thosewhoadvocateunbridledindividualexpressionmightpointoutthattherightoffreespeechisintrinsictoademocracyandnecessarytoitssurvival.Insum,itisinourbestinterestasasocietyforthegovernmenttocensorbroadcastmediaforobsceneandoffensivelanguageandbehavior.Whileindividualshaveprimaryresponsibilityforlearningnewskillsandfindingwork,bothindustryandgovernmenthavesomeobligationtoprovidethemwiththemeansofdoingso.Thesuggestedreasonforbuyingthecarisobvious:itistheintelligentchoice.（注意冒号的使用）Inconclusion,Iagreethatappealstoemotionaremorepowerfultoolsthanargumentsandreasoningforpromotingproducts.Advertisingisobviouslythemostinfluentialartforminthiscentury;itis,therefore,temptingtothinkthatitisthemostimportant.Thelessonhereisthatadvertising,initself,probablywillnotachieveasgreatimportanceasart.Requiringbusinessestoprovidecompleteproductinformationtocustomerspromotesvariousconsumerinterests,butatthesametimeimposesburdensonbusinesses,government,andtaxpayer.WhileIdoubtthatbuildingsdetermineourcharacterorbasicpersonalitytraits,Iarguethattheycangreatlyinfluenceourattitudes,moods,andevenlifestyles.Numerouspsychologicalstudiesshowthatdifferentcolorsinfluencebehavior,attitudes,andemotionsindistinctlydifferentways.Womendifferfundamentallyfrommeninchildbearingability;relatedtothisabilityisthematernalinstinct-adesiretonurture-thatisfarstrongerforwomenthanformen,generallyspeaking.Inconsumer-drivenindustries,innovation,productdifferentiation,andcreativityarecrucialtolastingsuccess.Andintechnology,whentherearenoconventionalpracticesorwaysofthinkingtobeginwith,companiesthatfailtobreakawayfromlastyear’sparadigmaresoonleftbehindbythecompetition.Whetheranindividualsavestoolittleorborrowstoomuchdependsonthepurposeandextentofeitheractivity.Theevidencesuggeststhat,onbalance,peopletodaytendtoconcernthemselveswithonlypracticalmattersthatarerelatedtotheirlife.Traditionally,savingisviewedasavirtue,whileborrowingisconsideredasavice.However,justtheoppositemaybetrueundercertaincircumstances.逻辑问题分析论证句式Themerefactthatticketsalesinrecentyearsforscreenplay-basedmovieshaveexceededthoseforbook-basedmoviesisinsufficientevidencetoconcludethatwritingscreenplaysnowprovidesgreaterfinancialopportunityforwriters.Itispossiblethatfeespaidbymoviestudiosforscreenplayswilldecreaseinthefuturerelativetothoseforbookrights.Theargumentfailstoruleoutthepossibilitythatawriterengageinbothtypesofwritingaswellasothertypes.Inanyevent,theadvertisementprovidesnojustificationforthemutuallyexclusivechoicethatitimposesonthewriter.Theargumentsimplyequatessuccesswithmovieticketsales,whichisunwarranted.Theauthorassumesthatphysicalcapabilitiesaretheonlyattributesnecessarytooperateamotorvehicle.Moreover,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethattherealismofcolorphotographyisthereasonforitspredominance.Thisassumptionpresentsafalsedilemma,sincethetwomediaarenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusivealternatives.Commonsensetellsusthataphotographercansucceedbyworkinginbothmedia.Theargumentignoresthefactors-suchasinitiative,creativity,technicalskills,andbusinessjudgment-thatmaybemoreimportantthanthechoiceofmediumindeterminingsuccessinphotography.ThemajorproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestatedsimilaritiesbetweenCompanyAandBareinsufficienttosupporttheconclusionthatCompanyAwillsufferafatesimilartoCompanyB’s.Consequently,themerefactthatCompanyAholdsalargeshareofthevideo-gamehardwareandsoftwaremarketdoesnotsupporttheclaimthatCompanyAwillalsofail.Thus,theauthorunfairlyassumesthathighly-ratedpublictelevisionprogramsarenecessarilywidelyviewed,orpopular.Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,itisequallypossiblethatonlycompanieswithproductsthatarealreadybest-sellerscanaffordthehigheradratesthatpopularshowsdemand.Admittedly,thevicepresident’sreasoninglinkingemployeebenefitswithcompanyprofitsseemsreasonableonthesurface.Onecaninferfromthesurvey’sresultsthatafullone-thirdoftherespondentsmayhaveviewedthecurrentbenefitspackageunfavorably.Lackingmorespecificinformationabouthowtheseotheremployeesresponded,itisimpossibletoassessthereliabilityofthesurvey’sresultsortomakeaninformedrecommendation.Itisunlikelythatthebriefone-weekperiodsundercomparisonarerepresentativeoflongertimeperiods.Ifso,eventhough3percentmoreaccidentsoccurredafterthechange,theauthor’sargumentthatchangingthespeedlimitincreasesdangerfordriverswouldbeseriouslyweakened.TheeditorialfailstotakeintoaccountpossibledifferencesbetweenEastandWestCambriathatarerelevanttohowdriversreacttospeed-limitchanges.Inaddition,whileitistruethatmanyvoterschangetheirmindsseveraltimesbeforevoting,andthatsomeremainundecideduntilenteringthevotingbooth,thisisnottrueofeveryone.Withoutknowingtheextentandnatureofthedamageresultingfromthebadpublicityorthereasonfortheviolation,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusion.Theauthor’sproposalisinconsistentwiththeauthor’sconclusionabouttheconsequencesofadoptinganethicscode.Tobeginwith,theauthorfailstoconsiderhealththreatsposedbyincineratingtrash.Theauthor’sconclusionthatswitchingtoincinerationwouldbemoresalutaryforpublichealthwouldbeseriouslyundermined.However,thisisnotnecessarilythecase.Theauthor’simplicitclaimthatincineratorsareeconomicallyadvantageoustolandfillsispoorlysupported.Consequently,unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethatthecitywillincurexpensesthatarenotcoveredbytheincreasedrevenuesfromtheseprojects,theauthor’sconcernabouttheseissuesisunfounded.Firstofall,whileassertingthatrealincomesarerising,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosupportthisassertion.Butnoevidenceisprovidedtoshowthatthisexplanationiscorrect.Moreover,theauthorfailstoconsiderandruleoutotherfactorsthatmightaccountforproportionaldecreasesinspendingonfood.Theauthorignoresotherlikelybenefitsofagriculturaltechnologythataffectfoodpiecesonlyindirectlyornotatall.Inthefirstplace,agreatdealofempiricalevidenceshowsthatsequelsareoftennotasprofitableastheoriginalmovie.However,unlesstheoriginalcastandproductionteamareinvolvedinmakingthesequel,thereisagoodchanceitwillnotbefinanciallysuccessful.Sincethedifficultiesinherentinthisprocessmakeithardtopredictwhethertheresultwillbeasuccessorafailure,theconclusionthatthesequelwillbeprofitableispresumptuous（武断的）Thisassumptionoverlooksothercriteriafordeterminingabridge’simportance-suchasthenumberofcommutersusingthebridge,theroleofthebridgeinlocalemergenciesanddisasters,andtheimpactthatbridgeclosurewouldhaveontheeconomiesofnearbycities.Withoutsuchevidence,wecannotaccepttheauthor’sconclusionthatnogovernmentfundsshouldbedirectedtowardmaintainingtheStyxRiverbridge.Thefactthatthenearbycityhasaweakeningeconomydoesnotprovethatthecitywillnotcontributesignificantlytotaxrevenues.Substantiatingthisassumptionrequiresexaminingtheproperdutyofgovernment.Accordingly,thisassumptionissimplyanunprovenclaim.Theauthorispresentingafalsedilemmabyimposinganeither-orchoicebetweentwocoursesofactionthatneednotbemutuallyexclusive.Itisequallypossiblethatlegislatorscanaddressbothareasofconcernconcurrently.Theargumentreliesontheassumptionthatthelegislatorsinquestion（所讨论的）havetheopportunitytoaddressurbancrimeproblems.Finally,theauthorunfairlytrivializestheseverityofruralcrimebysimplycomparingitwithurbancrime.Itispossiblethatthesalestrendinaparticularlocationisnotrepresentativeofsalesinotherregions.However,theauthorfailstoacknowledgeandruleoutotherpossiblecausesofsuchaccidents.Athirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatthestatisticalevidenceuponwhichitreliesistoovaguetobeinformative.Ifthesubjectsforthestudywererandomlychosenandrepresentadiversecrosssectionofthepopulationofshampoousers,theresultswillbereliableregardlessofthenumberofparticipants.Experiencealoneisfarfrombeingenoughtoguaranteeminimizedprocessingcosts.GiventhatOlympicFoodsdoesbenefitfromloweredprocessingcostsduetoitsyearsofexperience,thepredictionaboutmaximumprofitsisstillinlakeofsolidground.核心句型1．Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglect(fail)tomention(takeintoaccount)thatfactthat…Asopposedto(Contraryto)widely(commonly/generally)held(accepted)belief(ideas/views),Ibelieve(arguethat…Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,Idoubt(wonder)whethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis(closeexamination).TheadvantagesofBoutweighanybenefitwegainedfrom(carrymoreweightthanthoseof/aremuchgreaterthan)A.Althoughitiscommonly(widely/generally)held(felt/accepted/agreed)that…,itisunlikelytobetruethat…Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument(statement),butitignoresadeeperandmorebasic(important/essential)fact(reason)that…Itistruethat(True,/Tobesure,/Admittedly,)…,butthisisnottosay(itisunlikely/itdoesn’tfollow/itdoesn’tmean/itwon’tbethecase)that…Themain(obvious/great)problem(flaw/drawback)with(in)thisargument(view/remark)isthatitisignorantof(blindto)thebasic(bare)factthat…Itwouldbepossible(natural/reasonable)tothink(believe/taketheview)that…,butitwouldbeabsurd(wrong)toclaim(argue)that…Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant(basic)factisgenerallyoverlooked(neglected).Thereisabsolutely(infact)no(every)reasonforustobelieve(accept/resist/reject)that…Logical(Valid/Sound)asthisargumentandIwholeheartedlyagreewithit,itappearsinsignificant(absurd)when…istakenintoconsideration(account).Toassume(suggest)that…isfarfrombeingproved(tomissthepoint).Aclose(careful)inspection(examination/scrutiny)ofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless/fallacious)itis.Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),it(this)mayseemasound(anattractive)suggestion(solution/idea),butcarefulweighingonthemind(oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought),wefindthat…Toomuchemphasisplacedon(attentionpaidto/importanceattachedto)…mayobscure(overlook/neglect)otherfacts…Thedanger(problem/fact/truth/point)isthat…Whatthearguerfailstounderstand(consider/mention)isthat…Wedon’thavetolookveryfartosee(findout)thetruth(validity)ofthisargument(proposition).Howeverjust(logical/sound/valid)thisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.2．正文Althoughthepopularbeliefisthat…,acurrent(new/recent)study(survey/poll/investigation)indicates(shows/demonstrates)that…Commonsensetellsusthat…Theincrease(change/failure/success)in…mainly(largely/partly)resultsfrom(arisesfrom/isbecauseof)…Theincrease(change/failure/success)in…isdueto(owingto/attributableto)thefactthat…Manypeoplewouldclaimthat…Onemayattribute(ascribe/owe)theincrease(decrease/change)to…,but…isnotbyitselfanadequateexplanation.Oneofthereasonsgivenfor…isthat…Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat…Therearemany(different/several/anumberof/avarietyof)causes(reasons)forthisdramatic(marked/significant)growth(change/decline/increase)in..First,…Second,…Finally,…Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat…Whyare(is/do/did)…?Foronething,…Foranother,…AnotherreasonwhyIdisputetheabovestatementisthat…Itgivesriseto(leadto/bring/create)ahostofproblems(consequences).Therearenumerousreasonswhy…,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.Itwillexert(have/produce)profound(far-reaching/remarkable/considerable/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/disastrous)effect(influence)on…Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto/leadto/resultin/influence)thechange(increase/decrease/success/failure/development)in…In1999,itincreased(rose/jumped/shotup)from5to10percentofthetotal(to15percent/by15percent).Bycomparisonwith1998,itdecreased(dropped/fell)from10to5percent(to15percent/by15percent).Itaccountfor15percentofthetotal.Therewere100trafficaccidentsinApril,andincreaseof5percentinafive-monthperiod.By1999,only(lessthan/morethan/almost/about/over/asmanyas)threequarters(40percentof/oneoutoffive/oneinfour)collegepopulation(graduates/housewives)asagainst(ascomparedwith)lastyear(1998)preferredto(liked)…3．结尾Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove(Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered),wemaysafelydraw(reach/cometo/arriveat)theconclusionthat…Alltheevidence(analysis)supports(justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto)a(n)unshakable(unmistakable/sound/just)conclusionthat…Itishightimethatweplace(lay/put)great(special/considerable)emphasisontheimprovement(development/increase/promotion)of…Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated(unhealthy/undesirable/deplorable)situation(tendency/phenomenon)of…Wemustlook(search/all/cry)foranimmediateaction(method/measure),becausethepresent(current)situation(phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude)of…,ifpermitted(allowed)tocontinue(proceed),willsurely(certainly)leadto(resultin)theend(destruction/heavycost)of…Thereisnoeasy(immediate/effective)solution(approach/answer/remedy)totheproblemof,but…mightbeuseful(helpful/beneficial).Noeasymethod(solution/recipe/remedy)canbeathand(found/guaranteed)tosolve(resolve/tackle)theproblemof…,butthecommon(general/public)recognitionof(realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto)thenecessity(importance/significance)ofmightbethefirststeptowardschange(ontherightway/intherightdirection).Followingthesemethods(suggestions)maynotguaranteethesuccessin(solutionto)…,butthepay-offwillbeworththeeffort.Obviously(Clearly/Nodoubt),ifweignore(areblindto)theproblem,thereiseverychancethat…Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof(generalcommitmentto)…,itisverylikely(thechancesaregood)that…Thereislittledoubt(nodenying)thatserous(special/adequate/immediate/further)attentionmustbecalled(paid/devoted)totheproblemofItisnecessary(essential/fundamental)thateffective(quick/proper)action(steps/measures/remedies)shouldbetakentoprevent(correct/check/end/fight)thesituation(tendency/phenomenon).Itishoped(suggested/recommended)thatgreat(continuous/persistent/sustained/corporate)effortsshouldbemaketocontrol(check/halt/promote)thegrowth(increase/rise)of…Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto(expendedon/focusedon)finding(developing/improving)…Itremainstobeseenwhether…,buttheprospect(outlook)isnotquiteencouraging(thatrosy).Anyhow,wider(more)education(publicity)shouldbegiventothepossible(potential/grave/serious/pernicious)consequences(effects)of…Toreverse(check/control)thetrend(tendency)isnotalighttask(aneasyjob),anditrequires(demands/involves/entails)adifferentstateofmaintowards(attitudetowards/outlookon)…Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat…Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat…
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