【英语语法】虚拟语气用法综述虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句。 表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would（should, could, might）+动词原形。”例如： If I were you, I should studay English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting. 表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词用“would（should, could, might）+have +过去分词”。例如： If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination. 表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“were to（should）+动词原形”。例如： If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 省略if,用“were, have, should +主语”. 例如: Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. 但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式,如我们可以说: Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. 但不能说 Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy 用介词短语代替条件状语从句.例如: Without air, there would be no living things. But for your help, I couldn’t have done it well. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句 “wish +宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……”. “……就好了”, “悔不该……”, “但愿……”等. 表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来不能实现的愿望用“would(could) +动词原形”;表示过去不能实现的愿望时用“had +过去分词”或“(could)would +have +过去分词”.例如: I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier 虚拟语气在动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest,等后面的宾主从句中用“(should)+动词原形”.例如: We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us. The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that we (should) start right away. 注意:insist作“力言”, “强调”解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,只有当insist作 “坚持(认为)”, “坚持(应该)”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气.例如: Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything 虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”.例如: We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we (should) exercises first． 虚拟语气在 as if(as though)，even if( even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的应用． 如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时，指现在状况，则用过去时，指将来则用过去将来时．例如： He looked as if he were an artist. He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England． Even if he were here，he could not solve the problem． 虚拟语气用于主语从句． 在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“ should 十动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等．例如： It is necessary( important，natural，strange，etc) that … we should clean the room every day. It was a pity ( a shame，no wonder，etc) that you should be so careless． It will be desired( suggested，decided，ordered，requested，proposed，etc) that she should finish her homework this afternoon． 在上述三种主语从句中，should意为“应该”,“竟然”，可以省去，但不可换用would.主句所用动词的时态不限． 注意：这种从句表示的是事实．如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气．反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感．That从句也可用陈述语气，例如： It is a strange that he did not come yesterday. It is a pity that you can’t swim． 虚拟语气用于定语从句 这种从句常用在 It is( high) time( that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或 should十动词原形( should不能省略，be用 were)来表示，意为“(现在)该……”。例如： It is ( high) time we left (should leave). lt is high time we were going. (七)虚拟语气用于 if only引导的感叹句中 If only I had taken his advice. 我要是听他的话就好了． If only I were a bird．我如果是一只鸟就好了 ． |
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