分享

帕拉依巴碧玺 Paraiba tourmaline

 小花牛哞哞哞 2012-08-19

帕拉依巴碧玺 Paraiba tourmaline

(2011-01-17 04:50:03)
标签:

杂谈

帕拉依巴碧玺

    对宝石有所了解的人都听说过碧玺,不过,可能很少有人见识过碧玺中的王者——帕拉依巴碧玺,即使是从事珠宝鉴定的专业人士,也很少有机会亲眼见到这种梦幻般的宝石。

    1988年末在巴西帕拉伊巴Salgadinho 的Mina da Batalha矿发现了一颗非常明亮的绿松石蓝色的,重10.5克的碧玺。它的Cu和 Mn含量很高,明显不同于其他的elbaite(锂电气石),以不同寻常地位出现于宝石世界。  次年,即1989年,在图桑珠宝展上,这些碧玺开始时的售价为每克拉100到200美元,一周内价格飞涨到每克拉2000美元,从而戏剧性地亮相于市场。  

    非常遗憾的是,最初开采这种碧玺的矿山几年后停止了生产。许多对这种大的碧玺晶体感兴趣并急于寻找新矿源的矿主,在距Mina daBatalha矿50公里远的Rio Grande do Norte的 Parelhas发现了新产地。美丽的蓝色碧玺曾再次进入市场。几乎同一时间发现了Mulungu 和Alto dos Quintos 矿。但这些矿的总产量不能满足市场的需求,且大部分晶体的尺寸都只有几毫米

帕拉依巴碧玺 <wbr>Paraiba <wbr>tourmaline

   帕拉依巴碧玺是电气石的一种,比重 3.06,折射率 1.62-1.64,双折射率为 0.018,摩氏硬度为 7-7.5,成分为铜、锰等多种金属元素的复合硅硼酸,三方/六方晶系,无解理,参差或贝壳状断口,玻璃光泽,1989 年才由宝石探勘家 Heitor Dimas Barbosa 先生所领导的团队,经过多年探索和挖掘在巴西的帕拉依巴 (Paraiba) 州发现,定名为帕拉依巴碧玺。

 

帕拉依巴碧玺 <wbr>Paraiba <wbr>tourmaline


   

    帕拉依巴碧玺因其产量异常稀少,色泽非常独特,闪烁通透,独具荧光效果等迷人特征被尊为碧玺之王。即使在2000年于莫桑比克和尼日利亚发现新矿脉以后,帕拉依巴碧玺的产量也仅约为天然钻石全球年产量的一千分之一,而其中最具价值的土耳其蓝色帕拉依巴碧玺更是罕有。

帕拉依巴碧玺 <wbr>Paraiba <wbr>tourmaline

    帕拉依巴碧玺颜色主要为绿色到蓝色的各种色调,绿色品种深至近祖母绿色,但更为稀有的是亮蓝色品种,呈现明亮的土耳其蓝,色泽相当独特,令人心醉,最纯正的品种显示出非常独特的“霓虹蓝”色,是碧玺系列中最稀有最珍贵的品种,非常罕见。  

    通常,极微量的铁、锰、铬、钒等元素造就了碧玺美丽多变的颜色。但对帕拉依巴碧玺而言,铜元素才是使帕拉依巴碧玺如此与众不同的根本原因。令人费解的是这元素之前从未出现在任何碧玺中。此外,科学家还发现它也含有锰元素。帕拉依巴碧玺有着极为美丽迷人的颜色范围:祖母绿的绿、游泳池水般的湖蓝、蓝宝石的浓蓝紫、紫红色。高浓度的铜元素使得宝石具有了十分罕见耀眼的霓红蓝绿色调,给人第一眼的感觉非常震撼,明亮异常且带有电光,有人形容初见它时的感觉就像被闪电击到一样,从此一见钟情。

 

图为价值1500万的帕拉依巴碧玺(Paraiba),重35克拉

 

    虽然蓝色碧玺本来就是碧玺家族里比较珍稀而昂贵的品种,但并非所有蓝色碧玺都可以称作帕拉依巴碧玺。一般各种色调的靛蓝碧玺是因为铁元素致色,而帕拉依巴碧玺是铜元素,即使是非常接近帕拉依巴碧玺颜色的湖蓝色碧玺,也不能够称之为帕拉依巴碧玺。因而,唯有铜元素致色的碧玺才能称为帕拉依巴碧玺,而且,最为珍贵和稀有的,是有着明亮的土耳其蓝色,显示出霓虹灯般荧光效果的品种。具有该色调的帕拉依巴蓝碧玺若晶体洁净,切割上乘,目前价格约为2万美金每克拉,远高过普通钻石数倍,而克拉数更大的则价值呈几何级增长,目前市售1500万的帕拉依巴蓝碧玺重约35克拉。  

 

    从理论上说,含铜的蓝绿色碧玺都可称做帕拉依巴碧玺,但持产地观点的学者一般认为只有原产巴西帕拉依巴地区的含铜碧玺才能算真正的帕拉依巴碧玺。一般来说,巴西产帕拉依巴碧玺颜色偏明亮而深邃的蓝色调,克拉数较小,尼日利亚和莫桑比克产的帕拉依巴碧玺偏向清澈的绿色或蓝绿色,克拉数较大。  

    由于帕拉依巴碧玺产量极低,色泽异常绚丽,极具审美和投资价值,已经成为包括阿拉伯油王在内众多顶级富豪们争相追捧的收藏级藏品,随着矿脉资源的枯竭,价值还将不断攀升。

 

   帕拉依巴碧玺的故事   

    小、稀有且极珍贵是这些含有铜元素的碧玺给予人们的印像。他们是在巴西帕拉依巴 (Paraiba) 州之小村落Sao Jose de Batalha被发现的。其鲜明的土耳其蓝绿色调从未出现在其他宝石过。这如此独特的传奇产地使这些极稀有的宝石变成珍贵的财富。

    帕拉依巴 (Paraiba) 这词对宝石爱好者有着极特殊的魅力与吸引力,这名称代表着特殊霓红蓝绿色调。它是在不久前被发现的,准确地说是在80年代,被一名具有坚定信念的宝石开采者发现的:他的名字是Heitor Dimas Barbosa 。他秉持其信念,不间断的在结晶花岗岩层山脉挖掘多年,直到其发现轰动全世界。   

    Heitor Dimas Barbosa不只是个单纯的宝石开采者。他事实上并不是在寻找什么已知的宝石,而是深信在这著名的帕拉依巴山丘埋藏着完全与众不同的宝石,最后事实证明他的眼光是正确的。早在1981年,他就开始他最初步的挖掘。他从一个废弃的矿场开始,一个洞挖过一个洞,直到挖掘到硬土壤,但未有结果。然后突然间,自从第一次挖掘的五年半后,在复杂迷宫般的矿坑里,发现了碧玺存在的可能性。终于在1989年秋天,少数优质的碧玺晶体从许多黑暗的矿坑通道之一被带出来。这些晶体所显现的颜色是人们从未梦想过的。但很可惜,这位帕拉依巴碧玺之父,当时正从疾病中复原,无法亲自去矿场,而这些原石在他可亲眼目睹之前已被出售了。这个发现变为采矿业最为人知的冒险故事之一。另一个五年之后,这个只有400米长、200米宽、65米高的矿场,已经成为一个虚拟的蜂巢般的矿坑,充满着无数的竖坑与隧道,近山也被夷平了。但却徒劳无功。直到现在,无人期待在巴西再有新的发现。

   

    是铜元素使它与众不同   

    巴西是碧玺最典型的产地。在这个极有名声的彩虹宝石大家族,长期以来一直缺少了一个颜色:明亮的土耳其蓝绿色。直到在巴西帕拉依巴被发现。  

    通常是极微量的铁、锰、铬、钒元素给予碧玺如此美丽多变的颜色。但对帕拉依巴碧玺而言,却是完全不同:是铜元素使帕拉依巴碧玺有着极为与众不同的颜色。而这元素之前从未出现在任何碧玺。此外,科学家还发现它也含有锰元素。  

    由于铜元素和锰元素的结合,造就帕拉依巴碧玺极为美丽迷人的颜色范围:祖母绿的绿、土耳其蓝至天空蓝、蓝宝石的蓝、靛青色、深紫色和紫红色。当然这两个元素混合一起,也可能导致浅灰色至紫蓝色的产生。高浓度的铜元素是造就十分罕见耀眼的霓红蓝绿色调、土耳其蓝和绿色的主因,反之,紫色与红色是由锰元素造成的。用加热处理法,具有经验的宝石切割师能将这些红色部分消除,只留下晶莹美丽的铜元素颜色。  

    帕拉依巴碧玺生动鲜明的颜色,只有在切割之后才能完全的被显现。当它被切割雕砺之后,它会散发出极为独特的火光和璀璨耀眼的光芒,即使只有些微的光线照射着它。因此,人们称这种颜色为 “电气蓝” 或 “霓红蓝” 。鲜明及充满活力的特质让这大自然的珍奇宝藏变得极具魅力与吸引力。帕拉依巴碧玺这如此独特鲜明的颜色是生动的缩影,即使是业余者也能轻易的辨别其特质。  

    帕拉依巴碧玺几乎总是很小颗粒的,因为在巴西帕拉依巴山丘所发现的晶体几乎都是未成颗的碎片。大颗粒又未破碎且重达5 公克的原石晶体是很稀少的,而重量达到20公克以上的,更是少之又少。因此,你几乎很难发现大颗粒的帕拉依巴碧玺,无论是在珠宝或宝石业界。此外,只有少数的业者会贩售这极稀有独特的宝石。  

    帕拉依巴碧玺那极为美丽生动的颜色激起人们对宝石的热情。在相当短的时间内,帕拉依巴碧玺已成为最受欢迎的宝石,且变成当今世上最为渴求与最昂贵的宝石之一。其价格继续攀升,且同时间,它的价值已达到所有碧玺品种的历史新高点。大颗粒的帕拉依巴碧玺,一克拉可要价上万美元。因此,市场上几乎立即完全的吸收这极为有限的原石产量。这是很容易理解的,因为大自然创造了这史上绝无仅有绚丽明亮的颜色。没有Heitor Dimas Barbosa和他坚定的信念,深信帕拉依巴山丘埋藏着完全与众不同的宝石,帕拉依巴碧玺大概不会在今日的市场上存在的。

   

    非洲也产帕拉依巴碧玺 ?   

    帕拉依巴碧玺的故事,其实在这里应结束。但是,大自然总是喜欢给我们惊喜。於是故事在2001年初又被继续下去,只是,这一回故事的场景转换到世界的另一方。在2001年,产于非洲尼日利亚绚丽明亮蓝绿色调的碧玺突然出现在市场上,而他们与来自巴西的帕拉依巴碧玺十分类似。这是个极令人兴奋的消息 ! 就像帕拉依巴碧玺一样,在小心的加热处理后,这些来自尼日利亚的碧玺会显现出他们真实的美。一般而言,他们的颜色是较微弱些,但非宝石专家是很难辨识其差别的。科学家们也很难提出独特的特质来区别尼日利亚和巴西碧玺的不同,因为,这两个产地所生产的碧玺都包含有铜元素和锰元素。但这怎么可能 ? 难不成帕拉依巴搬到非洲去 ? 嗯 -- 当然不可能。让我们从大陆漂移现象的角度来解释:长期以来,人们就注意到地表上的某些大陆构造能够拼合在一起,这就好像是一个拼板玩具,特别是非洲的西海岸与南美洲的东海岸之间的吻合性最为明显。所以,非洲的尼日利亚其实是可和巴西的东北部拼在一起。因此,这些来自尼日利亚含有铜元素的碧玺,很可能在大陆漂移现象发生之前,就和来自巴西的帕拉依巴碧玺一起生长。而这个解释是否真的完全解开这疑问 ? 或这仍将是宝石界一个无解的秘密。但可确信的是,宝石爱好者十分开心这些来自于非洲鲜明生动的蓝绿色碧玺,提供一个可替代极具传奇性帕拉依巴碧玺的选择。

 

附录:
巴西帕拉伊巴州

帕拉伊巴州(Paraíba)是巴西东北部一州,  帕拉伊巴州(Paraíba)是巴西东北部一州,濒临大西洋

    帕拉伊巴州,巴西东北部一州。东临大西洋,有南美大陆的最东点布朗库角。面积5.39万平方公里。人口3,598,025(2005)。首府若昂佩索阿。1822年建省, 1889年改州。博博雷马高原纵贯中部,东为台地和沿海沙滩,西为一准平原。热带气候,年降水量1,500毫米;内陆为半干旱区,蒸发大,农业依靠灌溉。北帕拉伊巴河流经东部注入大西洋。种植甘蔗、棉花为主。菠萝产量居全国第一位。还产剑麻、可可、咖啡、谷物、龙舌兰等。内陆放牧牛羊。有铁、铜、锡和稀有金属等矿产。工业以纺织、农业机械、农产品加工、人造纤维、塑料、水泥为主。沿海铁路有支线通往内陆。葡萄牙语是官方语言,但英语和西班牙语也是部分中学课程所使用的语言。

 

The Path to Paraiba Now Winds Through Mozambique

 

The Path to Paraiba Now Runs Through Mozambique by Jason Stephenson title image
 

A serendipitous discovery leads to a new source for paraiba tourmalines...

Moussa Konate, originally from Guinea in northwest Africa, has specialized in buying and selling rough gem materials in southeast Africa. From his original explorations in Madagascar, we will trace his steps to a small area in Mozambique, where a big discovery was unearthed.

Southern Africa is one on the world’s major gem producing regions. From the early days of diamond exploration to the subsequent finds of other gem materials, southern Africa has been a hot spot for many great sources and new discoveries in the colored stone world.

 

A History of Brilliant New Finds

A new variety of zoisite was found in the mid 1960s in Tanzania. Purplish-blue zoisite was Tiffany & Co.’s rising star, naming it tanzanite and engaging in a vigorous sales promotion in the late 1960s. Shortly thereafter a new variety of grossular garnet was found in Kenya in the early 1970s. The first parcel of green grossular garnet was bought by Pala’s Bill Larson in 1973. (Bancroft, Gem & Crystal Treasures, 1984).

We begin to draw a picture of how this geological setting has been a conduit for producing unique gemstones.

Madagascar, also in the neighborhood, had itself been producing rare gems and minerals for more than a hundred years. It has been said that, with the exception of tanzanite and jade, every type of gemstone has been found somewhere on this California-sized island.

 

Moussa Konate and Rebecca Boyajian photo image

Gemstone supplier Moussa Konate, in Tucson in 2007, with Rebecca Boyajian of The Collector Fine Jewelry, who wears a necklace featuring a stunning paraiba tourmaline from Mozambique. Below, a close-up. (Photos: Andreas Forsberg)

 

 

The Paraiba Glow

Moussa Konate began buying and selling rough from Madagascar. Having only limited success in buying good lots of rough, Moussa shifted his efforts across the Mozambique Channel in 1987. If we look at a map of southern Africa we can see that Mozambique is situated in a larger region of coastal mineralization. Moussa bought and sold many hundreds of kilos of high quality aquamarine rough from the Macula Mine in the Zambezia province of central Mozambique. As the rising prices of aquamarine began narrowing profit margins, Moussa decided to take a chance at some of the mixed tourmaline lots that were being traded locally. To his surprise a small percentage of the material appeared to have the “paraiba” glow, indicative of copper bearing tourmaline.

Moussa traced the origin of the tourmaline rough back to an alluvial deposit in the Shalawa area of Nampula province just north of Zambezia. This area has a short history as a source for gems from foreign companies to local prospectors. From 1994 to 1996 a foreign mining company just missed the copper bearing anomaly when they searched for aquamarine in an adjacent area. Local yucca root farmers began digging around in early 2001 and started uncovering tourmalines very close to where the paraiba tourmalines had been concentrated. This deposit would later be named the Mafucu Mine or Shalawa Mine.

 

Mozambique Map image

Mozambique. The key 300-hectare paraiba tourmaline mine is near Nampula, in the Alto Lingonha area (red dot #1 on the map). To see Mozambique in the context of African mineral localities, see this map. (Map from “Gem Localities of the 1990s,” Gems & Gemology, Winter 2000)

 

帕拉依巴碧玺 <wbr>Paraiba <wbr>tourmaline

 

 

Staking the Claim

The story continues in 2003 when Moussa brought seven kilos to the US and sold the parcel to a stone house in Los Angeles. The swiftness of the transaction and the request for more material alerted Moussa expertise to delve into the nature of the tourmaline. The mining operations at the time were limited to 300 local people working an open tract of land no bigger than an acre. Pits were dug in a crude fashion down through the overburden, about two meters to where the layer of muddy material containing the tourmaline was hidden.

 

Purple Tourmaline
Two untreated paraiba tourmalines from Mozambique. Above: Our featured stone from September 2006, 16.5 cts. Below: 15.8 cts. The stones are no longer available.
Green Tourmaliine photo image

 

Realizing the potential for the deposit, and taking in the market’s high demand and low supply of paraiba-type colors, Moussa struck a claim encompassing just over 300 hectares around the original acre of workings. The first mining and exploration license in the area was then granted to Mozambique Gems. To ensure the longevity of this project Moussa collaborated with a few other prominent gem dealers along the way: Saint Clair Fonseca Jr., Daniel Trinchillo, and Marcus Budil. Throughout 2004 and 2005 Moussa’s expectations of production were materializing and small parcels of tourmaline rough began to trickle into the gem market, with a very small percentage exhibiting paraiba colors.

The news of the paraiba tourmalines had created a boom town; in just a few months the number of miners jumped from a few hundred to over 3,000, as five claims over 1,000 hectares each encircled the original plot of land. Several hundred kilos of tourmaline rough have been extracted from this area, but only about ten percent actually exhibits the neon glow of paraiba colors, and ninety percent of the production has been confined within the original 300 hectares.

 

Taking a Breather

With the influx of laborers in 2006 came disease that spread quickly through the mining camps. Moussa and his group appear to have understood how a measured approach could avert such an eventuality: two years ago, due to the success of their enterprise, Moussa’s group was able to step back, actually suspending operations on the area that’s produced the finest material from their 300 hectares. Steadily, they have been developing the local area and community by supplying medical facilities and bringing electricity to neighboring schools. A washing plant is being installed that will mechanically extract the tourmaline from the ground. Mining will commence again within the next year with the promise of employment of many local miners—and more paraiba tourmaline on the horizon.

 

    本站是提供个人知识管理的网络存储空间,所有内容均由用户发布,不代表本站观点。请注意甄别内容中的联系方式、诱导购买等信息,谨防诈骗。如发现有害或侵权内容,请点击一键举报。
    转藏 分享 献花(0

    0条评论

    发表

    请遵守用户 评论公约

    类似文章 更多