定语从句:Theattributiveclauses
何谓定语？
所谓定语，就是对名词或代词起修饰、说明、限制作用的成分。英语中主要有单词、短语、句子作定语。
eg:1、Sheisabeautifulgirl.(单词)
2、Thereareonly200computersconnectedtotheInternet.(短语)3、Thereisamanlyingoutsidethedoor.(短语)
4、SheisagirlwhomIlove.(句子)
注意：单个词作定语放在所修饰词的前面，短语或者句子作定语放在所修饰词的后面。
何谓定语从句?
像4中用一个句子作主句某一名词或代词的定语时，我们称该句子为定语从句。即定语从句在主句中作定语，该从句修饰主句中的一个名词或代词。
其中被修饰的词（名词、词组、代词）称作先行词，定语从句一般出现在主句中先行词的后面。定语从句通常由一个引导词引导，引导词常放在先行词和定语从句之间。
eg:Heisthemanwhowantstoseeyou.
该句中Heistheman是主句，whowantstoseeyou为定语从句，theman为先行词。who为引导词，定语从句修饰主句中的先行词theman。
LiMingisthefirstboywhoreachedthetopofthemountainthatday.
定语从句
李明是那天第一个登上山顶的孩子。
三组成结构：
定语从句的构成方法是：先行词+关系代词/关系副词+从句
1．关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；
关系副词：when,where,why等
2．关系词的功能：
①连接作用，引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
Theboy(who/that/whom)wesawyesterdaywasmyclassmates.
先行词关系词定语从句
注意：在定语从句中相应的成份应省去，因为该成份由关系词充当。
subject object attribute adverbial time Which which when Things place where reason that that whose why persons who/that who/whom/that ∕ 注意：当先行词作宾语时可省略，但作主语时决不能省略；
Thegirlwho/thatisreadingEnglishisWeiHua.(指人，作主语，不可省略)
Hereistheman(whom/who/that)youarelookingfor.(指人，作宾语，可省略)
It’sthequestionthat/whichneedscarefulconsideration.(指物，作主语，不可省略)
Thebook(which/that)youlentmeisveryinteresting.(指物，作宾语，可省略)
ThemissingpilotwhosenameisWangWeiisknownasaheroofourcountry.(指人，作定语)
Thechairwhoselegwasbrokenhasbeenrepaired.(指物，作定语)
IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIwenttouniversity.(指时间，作状语)
IhavefoundapeacefulplacewhereIcanstudy.(指地点，作状语)
Thisisreasonwhyhewaslate.(指原因，作状语)
四．that和which的用法：
A．关系代词在指物时只用that，不用which的情况。
(1)当先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,等不定代词时；
Tellmeeverythingthatyouknow.
Hetoldusallthathehaddone.
(2)当先行词被very,both,theonly,all,every,no,any,little,much,some等修饰时；
AndthenIwatchedalltheglassesthatwereonthetablefalloffontothefloor.
ThisistheonlyEnglish-ChinesedictionarythatIhave.
(3)当先行词被序数词修饰时；
Thisisthelastlessonthatwehavethisterm.
(4)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时：
ThisisthemostbeautifulcitythatIhavevisited.
(5)当先行词既包括人又包括物时；
ThegeneralscomplainedthattheDefenceDepartmenthadnotsenttheextramenandequipmentthattheyneeded.
(6)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时；
Whichisthecoatthatyoulikebest?
Whoisthemanthatwastalkingtoyou?
(7)当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，无论先行词是人还是物；
Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitwas.
(8)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用whichwhich而不用that的情况。
(1)关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）
Thosearemanytreesunderwhichtheycanhavearest.
(2)在非限制性定语从句中
Football,whichisaverypopulargame,isplayedallovertheworld.
(3)当先行词是that或被that修饰时
ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.
(4)当关系词后有插入语时
Ihaveboughtyousomebookswhich,Ithink,may
interestyou.
五．种类：
定语从句有两种：限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句
两者区别（1）限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导限定性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等；
（2）非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不
影响主句意思的完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。关系代词
用which，不用that；指人时可用who,whom。例如：
ThisisthesisterwhohavebeentoNewYorktwice.(限定性定语从句)
Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.(非限定性定语从句)
Ihavelostthepen,whichIlikeverymuch.（非限定性定语从句，不可用that）
六．prep+which/whom引导的定语从句
关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。如：when=in/on/at…+which,???where=in/on/at…+which,???why=for+which
如：Iwon’tforgetthedatewhen(onwhich)Iwasborn.
Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)Ilived.=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hehasn’tcometoday.
Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(inwhich)theylivedinTianjin.
ThepersontowhomyoushouldwriteisMrBall.
用这类定语从句时必须注意以下几点：
当先行词是人，而关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语，且介词位于从句的句首与关系代词连用时，使用“prep+whom”引导定语从句。
ThepersontowhomIlentmybicycleisHerry.
当先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语，且介词位于从句的句首与关系代词连用时，使用“prep+which”引导定语从句。
ThehospitalinwhichIwasbornwasverysmall.
介词可后移，关系代词可省略。
Theperson(whom/who/that)IlentmybicycletoisMrBall.
Thehospital(which/that)Iwasborninwasverysmall.
含有介词的短语动词lookfor,lookafter等，在定语从句中不要拆开，也就是说不要把介词放在从句句首。
Isthisthepen(which/that)youarelookingfor?
Thepersonheislookingforishisbrother.
位于介词后不可用that引导定语从句
改错：Doyouknowthewayinthathesolvedtheproblem?
对于“prep+关系代词”引导定语从句，如何选择介词这个问题，可归纳为以下几点：
Ａ.根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配。如：
Doyouknowthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?
B.由先行词决定。如：
I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheParty.
C.由句子表达的全部意思决定。如：
Waterisveryimportantforuswithoutwhichwecan’tlive.
g)特殊使用：1..“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常可省略为“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式当“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可以把定语从句省略为不定式,即“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式?例如:Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop______toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.(05湖南卷)A.thatB.inwhichC.bywhichD.how、fromwhich与fromwhere引导的定语从句的区别介词from后除了接代词或名词作宾语外,还可接介词短语或副词短语作宾语?当先行词为地点名词时,应该选用fromwhich；当先行词为表示地点的介词短语或副词短语时,应该选用fromwhere?例如:.Hisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindow,from_________hesawnothingbutthetrees.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it.“介词+which/whom”与“介词+what/who(m)ever”的区别“介词+which/whom”引导的是定语从句;而“介词+what/who(m)ever”是名词性从句,其中what相当于“名词+that(which/who)”,who(m)ever相当于“anyonewho(m)”?要分清两种从句?例如:Thewayhediditwasdifferent_________wewereusedto.(2005江西卷)A.inwhichB.inwhatC.fromwhatD.fromwhichAmoderncityhasbeensetupin_________wasawastelandtenyearsago.(2004天津卷)whatB.whichC.thatD.where关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2、as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。
(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
3、当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，常用as
(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
注意：定语从句such…as…与结果状语从句such…that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分
(6)HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.
(7)HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobuyone.(）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略。
Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
()but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea。(but=whodon’t)
()区分定语从句和同位语从句
1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句
2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；
同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；
句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分
(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语
(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3、同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以发展成一个完整的句子，
(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位语
(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.
(3)Thefactthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.
(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.
(四)定语从句的主谓一致：
(1)关系代词在从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性和数保持一致。
I,whoamyourfriend,enjoytraveling.
Thosewhowanttogoforastrikesignyournameshere.
Anyonewhobreakstheruleswillbepublished.
(2)在“oneof+名词（复数）”这一结构作为先行词时，从句中谓语动词应用复数，而“theonlyoneof+名词（复数）”作为先行词时，从句中谓语动词应用单数。
ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyLuXun.
HeistheonlyoneoftheboyswhohaslearnedFrench.
(五)从句常见的命题思路及方法:
1.以关系词在从句中所作的成分为根据.
2.在非限定性定语从句中要抓住逗号的提示作用.
3.对于介词+关系代词结构要考虑到介词与先行词,从句中的名词\形容词等的搭配关系.
4.要考虑句子成分的重复问题.
5.定语从句与其他从句,其他特殊结构等的区别和糅合.
学前检测
用适当的关系词填空：
1.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.
2.I''llneverforgettheday________??wemeteachotherlastweek.
3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,_______isthebestseasonthere.
4.Iwillneverforgetthedays_______Ispentwithyourfamily.
5.I''llneverforgetthelastday______wespenttogether.
6.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy.
7.Doyoustillremembertheplace______wevisitedlastweek?
8.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?
9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangZhou,_____isfamousfortheWestLake?
10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangZhou,______liestheWestLake?
11.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.
12.IliveinBeijing,____isthecapitalofChina.
13.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.
14.Itisthethirdtime______youhavemadethesamemistake.
15.Itwasinthestreet_____ImetJohnyesterday.
16.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.
17.Themoment_____Isawyou,Irecognized(认出)you.
18.Thisistheverynovelabout____we''vetalkedsomuch.
19.Thisistheway____hedidit.
20.Whoisthestudent_____waslateforschooltoday?
21.Who_____knowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?
22.Whatelsewasthereinmybrother____youdidn''tlike?
23.Helivesintheroom____windowfacestothesouth.
24.Helivesintheroom,thewindow_____facestothesouth.
25.ThisisMr.Johnfor____sonIbroughtabookyesterday.
26.ThisisMr.Johnfor_____Iboughtabookyesterday.
27.Thisisthehour_____theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.
28.Andthereisonepoint______I''dlikeyouradvice.
29.Winteristhetimeofyear______thedaysareshortandnightsarelong.
30.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace____youmayspendyourweekend.
定语从句（一）定语从句的基础用法
1.Thegirl_____yousawinthestreetisMary.
A.that B.whose C.which D.as
2.Isthisthefactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?
A.theone B.which C.who D.whom
3.Isthisfactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?
A.theone B.that C.which D./
4.Theonlylanguage_____iseasytolearnisthemothertongue.
A.which B.that C./ D.it
5.Thegirlhandedeverything_____shehadpickedupinthestreettothepolice.
A.which B.inwhich C.that D.all
6._____cleanstheblackboardshouldbepraised.
A.That B.Who C.Theonewho D.Thestudentswho
7.Thisisthebestbook_____Ihavebeenlookingforallthisyear.
A.who B.whom C.which D./
8.Theboy_____hastwolovelydogs.
A.wholivenextdoor B.whichlivesnextdoor
C.whomlivesnextdoor D.thatlivesnextdoor
9.Those_____madenomistakesintoday’sexercisespleaseraiseyourhands.
A.which B.whom C.that D.who
10.Don’tgoin,thisistheshop_____wehavejustbeen_____.
A./,to B.that,/ C.where,to D.which,there
11.Heisthemostcarefulboy_____Iknow.
A.what B.which C.as D../
12.Thetime_____westudiedtogetherisnoteasilyforgotten.
A.that B.when C.which D.onwhich
13.October1,1949istheday_____we’llneverforget.
A.when B.that C.where D.inwhich
14.October1,1949wastheday_____thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
A.which B.when C.where D.inwhich
15.Istillrememberthesitting-room_____mymotherandIusedtositintheevening.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
定语从句（二）高考精选
【2012浙江卷】17Ellenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,_____,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.
A.which B.who C.where D.whom
【2012浙江卷】9.Weliveinanage ______ moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.
A.why B.when C.towhom D.onwhich
【2012江苏卷】22. Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_______urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.
A.which B.who C.whereD.what
【2012重庆卷】29.Salesdirectorisaposition______communicationabilityisjustasimportantassales
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where
【2012四川卷】13.Inourclassthereare46students,_____halfwearglasses.
A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem
【2012陕西卷】14.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.
A.that B.where C. which D.what
【2012全国II】8.Thatevening,_____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when
7【2012天津卷】IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without_______helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.
Awho B.whose C.whom D.which
定语从句（三）综合提高
1Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren''sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday______I''llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory______we''llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who''sC.whichD.whose14.I''minterestedin______youhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisn''tsuchaman______heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what18.LiMing,______totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim19.Idon''tlike______asyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You''retheonlyperson______I''veevermet______coulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.Ilostabook,______Ican''tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,______Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichD.what26.Ihaveboughtsuchawatch_______wasadvertisedonTV.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it27.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when
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