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英汉句子互译中的词序

 MouseHappy 2012-10-19

英汉句子互译中的词序

英语和汉语词序差别很大。下面我们先看看这两种语言在词序排列上各自的特点,然后再针对这些特点讨论一下英汉互译中词序的处理方法。
  英汉句子词序的差异
  汉语是语义型语言,英语是形态型语言,这便决定了两者在词序安排上有着本质的区别。汉语组词造句时,词序主要由语义的搭配决定,即语义团块的先后次序是由人的思维逻辑来决定的。汉语是一种逻辑性很强的语言,其逻辑性主要表现在以下几个方面:
  1. 在时间上,英语句子的词序主要是根据语境的需要安排,而汉语通常按事情发生或出现的先后顺序排列。例如:
        1) He went to bed after he finished his homework..
  他做完作业后便上床睡觉了。
  2)They started as soon as he came .
  他一到他们就开始干了起来。
  3)Calmly Mother looked around before she turned back fearlessly, closing the door behind her and dashed to the window.
  母亲镇定地环顾四周,然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋子里,顺手关上门,一个箭步奔到门口。
  4)A loud applause exploded from the audience when the actress went on the stage.
  当女演员登上舞台时,观众中爆发出一阵掌声。
  5)The invaders will not surrender until they come to the end of their tether.
  侵略者不到走投无路的时候是不会投降的。
  6)He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
  天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下来等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。
  7)老栓正在专心走路,忽然吃了一惊,远远地看见一条丁字街,明明白白横着。他便退了几步,寻找一家关着门的铺子,蹩进檐下,靠门立住了。(鲁迅,《药》)
  Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road lying distinctly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.(连淑能,p.72)
  8)那只老狼从灌木丛里窜出来,惊魂未定地喘息,伸出舌头。它扭头望着那片灌木林,声响渐渐消失了,慌乱中毫无目的地转了一阵。它累极了,便卧在地上。然后它又坐起来,可是它突然像被咬了一下似地跳起来,那只猛禽的铁爪还留在它身上。(周涛,《猛禽》)
  The old wolf runs out of the bush, still badly shaken, and panting with its tongue lolling. It turns its head to look back at the bush; the terrifying sound has all but died out. Still in panic, it limps aimlessly for a while, then, exhausted, it crouches down to rest, as it sits up, a biting pain hurts its back: the eagle’s iron-like claw is still attached to its body.
  上面第1至第6例在时间上都采取“倒叙”的手法,其中after, as soon as, before, when, until和as 引导的从句所表达的事件或动作都在主句动词表达的动作之前发生。但是翻译成汉语时,句子完全是按照时间顺序排列的。第7例和第8例的汉语原文也是典型是“顺”序句。句中虽然动词很多,但排列时显得有条不紊。

梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:40
2. 在事理上,英语的词序比较灵活,但通常开门见山,直奔主题,然后再作解释。
  在表示因果关系时,一般先讲结果再说明原因;在表示假设时,往往先说结果再说条件;而汉语的词序则比较固定,通常按照先原因后结果、先假设后可能、先条件后结果的顺序来排列。这一点,当句中的关联词省略不用时尤其如此。例如:
  9)I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.(连淑能,p.54)
  比较:Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her.
  她不老实,我不能信任她。
  10)I think we should have been told if there was anything up.
  比较:I think if there was anything up, we should have been told.
  我想要是真发生了什么事,他们应该通知我们的。
  11)(His assignment in the interim was to choose and develop his own replacement.) He chose Larry, who had an excellent record in sales and had held a management position prior to joining the company.
(在这段过渡时期,他的任务是选择和培养他自己的接班人。)他选择了拉里,(因为)拉里有出色的销售业绩记录,并且在调入本公司之前就担任过管理职务。
  12)The moon is a moon still, whether it shines or not.
  <谚> 不管是明是暗,月亮总归是月亮。
  13)抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。(先假设后可能)
  Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.(连淑能,p.55)
  14)这些斗争和探索,每一次都在一定的历史条件下推动了中国的进步,但又一次一次地失败了。(江泽民,《在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年大会上的讲话》)
  All the attempts ended in failure one after another, although they helped promote progress in China under given historical conditions.
  从上面的例子可以看出,英语句子对因果关系等逻辑顺序比较灵活,而汉语的词序则比较固定,通常按先——后,因——果,条件——结果的顺序排列。
  当然,汉语句子语序的排列也有例外,那就是,当把原因、条件等看成是补充说明的情况时,也可以把它们放到句子的后半部分,这时,往往需要使用各种形式标记,也就是说,需要使用表示各种关系的关联词语。例如:
  15)我觉得真扫兴,因为我一分神钓索颤动了,拉迟了落了空。(刘白羽,《海峡风雷》)
  In that moment as my concentration wavered, my line wobbled, I pulled back at the wrong moment and ended up with a tangled mess of line, hook and weed.
  16)不,我昨天没有来,因为我的姐姐病了。
  No, I didn’t come yesterday, because my sister was not very well.

梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:41
3. 在对某事发表评论时,英语通常先评论或表态,然后再说明有关情况。汉语则正好相反,通常先叙述(即事实或描写)后表态(即判断或结论)。例如:
  17)I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
  我强烈地认为,英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个积极而充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(连淑能,p.12)
  18)It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (From Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice)
  凡有产业的单身汉,总要娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
  19)It is important that everyone does his duty.
  每个人各司其责,这一点是很重要的。
  20)It’s no use telling him that he’s wrong. He will realise it himself later.
  告诉他他犯了错误,这是毫无用处的。他以后会明白的。从以上可以得知,英汉语在语序的排列上有相同之处,也有相异之处。翻译时,相同之处可以照搬过来(即顺译);相异之处则需要对语序进行调整,使之在整体上符合汉语的表达习惯(即逆译)。


梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:42
调整词序的方法
  根据英汉两种语言的差异,我们在英汉对译时常常需要根据实际情况在语序上作一些调整。以下是译者们经常采用的方法。
  1. 按照时间顺序进行调整
  英汉语序虽然有很大差别,但也有很多相似或相同之处。语序相同便顺译,不同则逆译,有时则顺译、逆译皆可。
  a. 顺译
  顺译的情况很多,主要有以下几种:
  (一)多个表示连贯动作的动词并列时,英语和汉语往往都可以按照动作发生的先后顺序来安排词序。因此,英汉互译时通常可以采取顺译法。例如:
  1)He would drive a rental truck loaded with his belongings and I would follow him in his sedan, then fly back.
  到时他将开租来的卡车拉上全部家什,我跟在后面帮他把小车开过去,然后乘飞机返回。
  2)I follow the group to the fifth row and directly against a tree I place my ladder so its legs hit the dirt sturdily.
  我跟随大家到第五行树,把梯子直接靠在一棵树上,梯子的两只脚牢固地插进土里。(刘世同,p.84)
  3)I closed my eyes and said a prayer of thanks before putting the car in gear and returning to the highway.
  我合上双目,感谢上苍,然后挂挡上路。
4)Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou En-lai. (from Agnes Smedley, The Great Road)

  一九二二年十月下旬,这两位朋友坐火车来到柏林,一下车便径直去周恩来的住处。
  5)She had spent a sleepless night, and rising early, had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn.
  她一宵无眠,早早起身,披上毯子,迎着拂面的凉风,凭窗眺望黎明。(方梦之,pp. 301-2)
  6)In the blue of the morning that fragile soldier and servant breathed his last, and when the other children awoke they cried bitterly, and begged Sissy to have another pretty baby.
  (from Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’urbervilles)
  在晨光熹微中,那位脆弱的兵士和仆人就喘了他最后一口气,别的孩子们醒过之后,一个个哭得伤心极了,他们恳求苔丝姐姐再给他们生一个漂亮的娃娃。(张若谷译,《德伯家的苔丝》)
  7)(如今,台儿沟的姑娘们刚把晚饭端上桌就慌了神,她们心不在焉地胡乱吃几口,扔下碗就开始梳妆打扮。)她们洗净蒙受了一天的黄土、风尘,露出粗糙、红润的面色,把头发梳得乌亮,然后就比赛着穿出最好的衣服。(铁凝,《哦,香雪》)
  (But now, the girls of Terrace Gully served dinner in a flurry, absent-mindedly grabbed a quick bite and, soon as they put down their blows, went straight to their and ruddy complexions, combed their hair, and then vied with one another in wearing their best outfits.
  8)它先是离我较远,见我不去伤害它,便一点点挨近,然后蹦到我的杯子上,俯下头来喝茶,再偏过脸瞧瞧我的反应。(冯骥才,《珍珠鸟》)
  First it kept its distance from me, then hopped nearer, then stood upon my glass and eventually lowered its head to drink my tea.


梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:42
(二)英语中表示时间的状语从句多位于句子的后半部分,但有时为了强调也可将其提到句首,并用逗号与主句隔开,这时,可采用顺译法进行翻译。同样,汉语中有些按照时间先后安排语序的复合句译成英语时也可采用顺译法。例如:
  9)Where there is a will, there is a way.
  <谚> 有志者,事竟成。
  10)If anyone comes, tell him to wait a few minutes. (I won’t be long.)
  如果有人来,请他等一会儿。(我很快就会回来的。)
  11)As we crossed some high bridges near the Blue Ridge Mountains on the first leg of our trip, a kind of breathlessness gripped me, a sinking, rolling sensation in the pit of my stomach.
  上路后的第一程,我们就碰上了蓝脊山脉附近高悬的大桥。我简直紧张得透不过气来,心头发紧,有种人仰马翻的感觉。
  12)After he went to bed that night, I quickly took his shoes and went out to the woodshed.
  当天晚上,在他就寝之后,我马上把他的鞋子拿到柴棚里。
  13) When the infant had taken its fill the young mother sat it upright in her lap, and dandled it.... (from Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’urbervilles)
  小孩吃足了奶以后,那位年轻的母亲就把他放在腿上,叫他坐直了,逗弄他……(张若谷译)
  14) When Tom stood face to face with his persecutor, and heard his threats, and thought in his very soul that his hour was come, his heart swelled bravely in him, and he thought he could bear torture and fire, bear anything.... (from H.P.Sone, Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
  汤姆站在他的迫害者对面,听着他威吓的话,心想自己的时刻已经到来。这时,他反而觉得勇气百倍,觉得赴汤蹈火,在所不辞了…… (黄继忠译,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》)
  15)传说秦始皇来到泰山封禅的时候,遇上了暴风雨,他就躲在一棵很大的松树下
  避雨。
  It is said that when the First Emperor of Qin came to Mount Taishan to perform the rites of worshipping Heaven and Earth, he was caught in a storm, and found shelter under a giant pine tree.
  16)当老狼嗅至这只小白狗的颈上时,突然小狗猛烈地抖动起来。(周涛,《猛禽》)
When the wolf moves its nose to sniff the dog’s neck, the little creature suddenly begins to shiver violently.


梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:43
(三)英语中有些介词短语、副词短语、分词短语或“介词+动名词”结构置于句首
  表示时间,翻译时可采用顺译。例如:
  17)Pulling one of the leafy branches downward, I hang the bucket on it with the hook.
  我拉下一根多页的树枝,用钩子把桶挂在上面。(刘世同,p.84)
  18)Having finished the painting, he decided to sell it in order to buy a new piano for his daughter.
  那幅画画完后,他决定把它卖掉,为女儿买架新钢琴。
  19)A few minutes later, Zoo sat sipping coffee and watching the girl eagerly attacking a large omelet, stacks of buttered bread and a cup of milk.
  几分钟后,左伊坐下来,一边啜饮着咖啡,一边看着女孩迫不及待地向一大块煎蛋饼、好几块黄油面包和一杯牛奶发起进攻。
  20)In four weeks I was my old self again.
  四个星期后我就彻底康复了。
  21)With what seemed my last hope frustrated, I slipped into a deep lethargy.
  随着最后一线希望的破灭,我不知不觉地掉进一种懒怠冷漠,意气消沉的状态。(陈定安,p. 243)
  22)On arriving at the spot, he found that the gypsies had gone. (Wilde)
  他赶到那里时发现那些吉卜赛人已经走了。

梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:44
b. 逆译
  逆译多用于以下几种情况:
  (一)如上所述,在时间上汉语往往是按照动作或事件发生的先后顺序进行排列,先发生的事先说,后发生的事后说。英语虽然有时也按动作或事件的先后次序来组句,但它更多的却是通过使用各种表示时间的连词、关系代词或介词将动作或事件的先后次序打乱。翻译这类英语句子时,往往需要将原句语序打乱,按时间顺序重新组织译文语序。例如:
  23)I shall answer his letter as soon as I have a moment to spare.
  我一有空就会给他回信。
  24)Turn off the light when you leave the classroom.
  离开教室时请把灯关掉。
  25)There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
  我访问了一些地方,遇到了不少人。要谈起来,奇妙的事儿可多着哩。
  试比较:关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲。(连淑能,p.68)
  26)Mama Torres, a lean, dry woman with ancient eyes, had ruled the fame for ten years, ever since her husband tripped over a stone in the field one day and fell full length on a rattle snake. (J.Steinbeck)
  托里斯妈妈是个阅世较深的干瘦女人。有一天,她丈夫在耕地里绊上石头摔了一交,正巧跌在一条响尾蛇身上。从那天起,她掌管这片农场已长达10年之久。(但汉源:pp. 67-68)
  实际上,有很多时候,顺译、逆译都可以,这时主要还要看上下文语境的需要,从更
  大的语境去决定究竟该顺译还是逆译。例如:
  27)The poor ballet dancer must devote years of incessant toil to her profitless task before she can shine in it.
  译文一:可怜的芭蕾舞演员在芭蕾舞上大放异彩之前,必须长年累月地将自己的辛勤劳动奉献给无益的苦差事。
  译文二:可怜的芭蕾舞演员必须长年累月地将自己的辛勤劳动奉献给无益的苦差事,之后才能在芭蕾舞上大放异彩。
  该例“译文一”采用逆译法;“译文二”则将“before”译为“之后”,采用顺译法,不改变原文的语序。单独来看,两种译文都是符合汉语的行文习惯的,但究竟采用哪种译法,还得参考更大的语境。
  28)We must sow before we reap.
  译文一:我们必须在收获之前播种。译文二:收获之前须先播种。
  译文三:我们必须先播种,然后才能收获。
  译文四:播了种才会有收获。
  该例四种译文都符合汉语的语法规范。“译文一”和“译文二”均取顺译法,其中, “译文二”行文简洁,取得了和原文一样的警句效果,因而较“译文一”更佳;“译文三”和“译文四”均采用逆译法,同样,“译文4”由于行文简洁而比“译文三”要好。

梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:46
 (二)英语中表示手段的“by+动名词”短语常常要置于表示结果的谓语动词之后,译成汉语时则要进行调整,将该短语移至原谓语动词之前。这也是与汉语思维“先发生的事先说,后发生的事后说”的基本规律是一致的,因为手段总是出现在结果之前。例如:
  29)(While he was awaiting trial and certain hanging, Sheppard broke out of New gate Prison.) He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall.
(在等候受审和确定无疑的绞刑时,谢泼德逃出了纽格特监狱。)他砸开了手铐脚镣,弄断了双层的橡木栅栏和铁条,用系在一起的床单和毯子从95英尺高处跳下,爬过了22英尺的高墙,从而逃了出来。
  30)He even got a receipt for the money by buying himself another book at the same second-hand bookstore.
  他甚至在同一家旧书店又买了一本书,以此弄到一张发票。
  31)Taking unilateral actions by bypassing the Security Council is dangerous and against the will of all member states.
  绕过安理会单方面采取行动,是十分危险的,也是与安理会各成员国的意愿相违背的。
  32)The difficulty was overcome by Russelll’s selling some furniture which Wittgenstein had left in Cambridge. (A.J.Ayer, Wittgenstein)
  后来罗素变卖维特根斯坦留在剑桥的部分家具,这才解决了盘缠问题。(沈园译)
  2. 按照逻辑顺序进行调整
  上面讲过,汉语语序主要靠逻辑思维而定,多按逻辑顺序由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论、由条件到结果进行排列;特别是在不用关联词的时候,句中的语法关系更需要通过语序方可辨认得出;但有时,汉语也会通过使用各种关联词语按照相反的顺序来组织句子。相对而言,英语语序较为灵活,其状语从句的位置可前可后,有时还可置于句中。也就是说,英汉语在按照逻辑思维组句时有同有异,因此,翻译这类句子时也可相应地采用顺译法和逆译法。例如:
  33)I won’t go there unless you go, too.
  译文一:你不去,我也不去。
  译文二:我不去,除非你也去。
  34)I cannot drink coffee unless it is well made.
  译文一:咖啡煮得不好,我是不能喝的。
  译文二:我不能喝咖啡,除非煮得好。
  35)I’m sure you’ll be able to pass the exam as long as you keep working like this.
  译文一:我可以肯定,你这样努力下去,一定能通过考试。
  译文二:我可能肯定你能通过考试,只要你这样努力下去就行。
  36)I wouldn’t work for them even if they paid me one million dollars.
  译文一:我决不为他们工作,给一百万美元也不干。
  译文二:即使他们给我一百万美元,我也不会为他们工作。
  37)The doctor is not available because he is handling an emergency.
  译文一:医生在处理急诊,现再没空。
  译文二:医生现在没空,因为他在处理急诊。
  38)When I called home, I would exaggerate the accomplishments of other people in show business, because I knew my mother would have like to see me in a steadier line of work.
  译文一:我知道母亲希望我从事比较稳定的职业,每次给家里打电话,我都要把演艺界其他人士所取得的业绩夸耀一番。
  译文二:每次给家里打电话,我都要把演艺界其他人士所取得的业绩夸耀一番,因为我知道,母亲希望我从事比较稳定的职业。
  39)知已知彼,百战不贻。
  译文一:You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
  译文二:If you know the enemy as well as yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
  40)到上海不去豫园和城隍庙商场不算来过大上海。
  译文一:You cannot claim to have been to Shanghai without visiting the Yu Yuan Garden.
  译文二:Those who have come to Shanghai but missed Yu Yuan Garden and the City God Temple Bazaar cannot claim that they have been to the city.
  上面第33至第38例的“译文一”都没有用关联词,而且除了第36例都按时间顺序翻译,比较符合汉语的表达习惯;“译文二”都使用了关联词,但除了例36的“译文二”以外,其余都略为逊色。第36例的“译文一”为顺译,用重复的手法强调说话者的意图; “译文二”逆译,且用了关联词“即使……也”,是按动作发生的先后译出,是汉语的常序句。例39和例40的“译文一”都是开门见山,先主后从,也更符合英语的表达习惯。

梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:47
3. 根据信息重心进行调整
  一般而言,句子通常由已知信息和新信息构成,新信息是指信息发出者(如说话者)想要信息接受者(如听话者)了解的信息,因而构成句子的信息重心。英汉都有表示信息重心的特殊手段,如,英语常用“It is/was… that…”、“not(that)…but(that)…”等强调句型,汉语也通常使用“……的是……”、“之所以……是因为……”、“不是……而是……”这样的句型来强调说话者所要表达的重要信息;在口语中英汉语都可以利用语气对信息重心加以强调。这类信息重心由于带有很明显的形态标志,因而很容易辨认,翻译时也很容易处理。
此外,英汉两种语言还都可通过语序的安排来标明信息重心,但在运用这一手段标明信息重心时,二者又存在一些差别。因此,为了突出句中的信息重心,翻译时通常要改变原句语序,把原句中的某个成分提前或置后。例如:

  41)I owe it to you that I am still alive.
  我能活到现在,真得谢谢你。
  42)In London I was born and in London I shall die.
  译文一:我生于伦敦,也将死于伦敦。
  译文二:伦敦,是我的出生之地,也将是我的葬身之地。(或:伦敦,我生于斯,也将葬于斯。)
  43)Defiantly they have spoken, but submissively they will accept the terms.
  尽管他们嘴巴很硬,但是最后他们一定会乖乖地接受条款。
  44)Everything—or nearly everything—that the Labour movement exists to stop the
  Tories from doing Labour will be asked to support the Cabinet in doing.
  现在工党试图阻止保守党做的一切——或者差不多一切,人们很快就将要求保守党支持内阁去了。
  45)The two neighboring countries, China and India, with the largest populations in the world, are bound by thousands of years of civilizations and achievements. 中国和印度,这两个世界上人中最多和邻国,几千年的文明和成就把它们连结在一起。(方梦之,p. 303)
  46)Those conflicting but complementary voices of my childhood echo down through the years— wonderful…lousy…wonderful…lousy—like two opposing winds battering me.
  原译:我年少时拥有的两种既互相冲突又互相补充的声音,多年来一直在我的脑海里回响——太精彩了……太糟糕了……太精彩了……太糟糕了——就像两股方向相反的风猛烈地冲击着我。
  改译:“太好了……太糟了……太好了……太糟了”,童年留下的这两种声音既相冲突又相补充。这些年来,它们一直在我的脑海回响,就像两股逆风猛烈地冲击着我。
  47)有了这一条,中国就大有希望。(邓小平南巡讲话)
  译文一:Then, there will be great hopes for China. (《北京周报》译文)
  译文二:Then, the prospects for China will be excellent. (外文出版社译文)
  48)八十年前,在中国各族人民反帝反封建的壮阔斗争中,在世界无产阶级革命的澎湃运动中,中国共产党成立了。(江泽民,“在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年大会上的讲话”)
  译文一:Eighty years ago, amidst the torrential anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the people of all ethnic groups of China and in the tempestuous movement of the proletarian revolution in the world, the Communist Party of China was founded. (《北京周报》2001年7月12日)
  译文二:Eighty years ago, the Communist Party of China was founded amidst the torrential anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the people of all ethnic groups of China and in the tempestuous movement of the proletarian revolution in the world。
  上面第41例原文的信息重点是 that I’m still alive, 但译成汉语时必须调整词序,把“我能活到现在”提前。第42例原文强调 in London, “译文一”在词序上做了调整,比较符合汉语的表达习惯,但是在书面语中“译文二”在风格上更接近原文。第43例的原文将两个方式副词放在句首突出的位置,但是汉语不允许这样做,只好作相应的调整。原文中的信息焦点,在译入语中主要通过语音语调得到体现。第44例中的信息重点Everything—or nearly everything 是doing 的宾语,译文中只能放在宾语位置。第45例与第46例中的同位语China and India与wonderful…lousy…wonderful…lousy 原来都在句中,但由于它们是句子的信息焦点,译成汉语后提至句首,充分照顾到了汉语的特点。其中第45例的原译仍把同位语放在中间,显得结构臃肿,读起来也不像读英语原文那样通顺流畅。第47例两种译文都正确,但“译文二”较“译文一”略胜一筹,因为原文中的“大有希望”位于句末,是该句的信息重心。“译文二”把句子重心安排在“excellent”一词上,与原文吻合。第48例中的信息重心是在两个并列的短语“在中国各族人民反帝反封建的壮阔斗争中,在世界无产阶级革命的澎湃运动中”上,整个句子译成英语时应将它们放在句末,这正好符合英语端末重量的原则(the principle of end-weight)。


梁少侠 2010-08-26 20:47
4. 根据搭配的需要进行调整
  英译汉时常常会遇到这样的情况:原句各成分之间搭配贴切自然,但译成汉语后,若保留原句语序,按原句原封不动的译出,则可能搭配不当。这时,就需要调整译句中相关成分在句中的位置,使其尽量符合汉语的表达习惯。例如:
  49)That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface, assuring that its market share would be savaged by Microsoft’s more open Window operating system
.原译:“苹果”电脑公司悲剧性地未能理解这一原则,它放弃了它的图形电脑界面的销售许可,因为担心自己的市场份额会被微软更开放的视窗操作系统无情地侵占。__改译:可悲的是,“苹果”公司未能理解这一原则。它放弃了图形电脑界面的销售许可,放心大胆地任由微软公司更为开放的视窗操作系统无情侵占自己的市场份额。

  50)I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.
  原译一:我把头埋在悲惨的被单和毯子下面,像孩子样地哭了起来。
  原译二:我把头埋在那仿佛感染了我的悲惨心情的被单和毯子里,像孩子样地哭了起来。
  改译:我非常难过,一头扎进被单和毯子里,像孩子一样哭了起来。(《中国翻译》1997年,第5期,pp.45—46)
  这里第49例原文中“tragically”置于谓语动词“failed”之前,但实际上是修饰整个句子的。所以译成汉语时应将它放在句首。第50例“原译一”将“the miserable sheet an drug”译为“悲惨的被单和毯子”,在汉语中属搭配不当,“原译二”译为“那仿佛感染了我的悲惨心情的被单和毯子”则显得十分罗嗦,因而需要将其从句子中分离出来,提到句首单独译出。请再体会下面的例子:
  51)Formulas can present, in a neat form, information which might otherwise take a long sentence.
  公式可以简练地说明问题,如果不用公式,就可能要用很长的句子。(《中国翻译》1990年,第2期,第19页)
  52)What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics, but what it has done with them—its achievement, or history, in fact.
  可以肯定而且一致确认的是,人类的独特之处不在于它拥有某些官能或生理特征,而在于它用这些官能和特征做了些什么,即它的成就,实际上,也就是它的历史。
  53)George Osborne looked at the two young women with a touched curiosity.乔·奥斯本觉得感动,细细地端详着这两个姑娘。(杨必译)
  54)American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write censored letters.
  允许美国俘虏领取红十字会的包裹和写信,不过信要受到检查。
  现代汉语中形容词和名词这样搭配的情况不多见,但是词与词之间的修饰关系也很复杂,有时甚至捉摸不定,译成英语时必须先理清这种关系。例如:
  55)那谈谈文学的通俗问题,这次我来北京就参加这问题的讨论的,请黄老谈谈。(楼适夷,《夜间来客》)
  Would you like to talk about literature going pop, then? This is the theme of the symposium this time. Could you air some view on that? (刘士聪译)
  56)他有个女儿,在北京工作,已经打电话去了,听说明天就能回来。
  He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said will be back tomorrow. (连淑能,p.37)
  第55例中的“文学的通俗问题”指文学创作中的通俗化倾向,显然不能译为 the popular problem of literature。这里译成literature going pop,符合说话者的原意。第56例中“女儿”是“打电话”的逻辑宾语,而不是主语,所以这里必须变换结构。上面的例子表明,翻译时必须先搞清楚句子各成分之间的逻辑关系并在译文中作相应的调整。不然的话,就可能译出莫明奇妙的句子来。

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