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名师详解语法易错题

 liubaoliang 2012-11-24

思维定势类错误

所谓思维定势,指的就是人们的一种思维倾向,它是人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种思维条件反射。

英语学习中的思维定势,对于英语学习者有利也有弊。其利在于:它可以帮助学习者利用以前所学知识迅速联系所接触的语言现象,从而解决具体的语言实际问题;其弊在于,有时它会误导学习者对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象,想当然地套用已形成的思维定势,从而得出错误的结论。

事实说明,各级各类考试的命题者常常利用考生思维定势这一特点, 有意编拟一些比较特殊的句子或结构来测试考生对某一知识点的灵活处理技巧和深层理解能力。比如:

同学们都知道,像can, may, must, could, might, should等情态动词,其后要接动词原形(即不带to的不定式),但是请看以下试题,这些情态动词是要用动词原形吗?

He ran as fast as he could _________ the bus.

A. catch                   B. to catch               C. catching               D. caught

【分析】此题答案选A吗?错了,不是的。正确答案为 B。你知道为什么吗?

He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.

A. hope                    B. to hope               C. hoping                 D. hoped

【分析】此题答案选A还是B?你若选A,错了;于是你就选B,也错了。此题最佳答案是C。你觉得奇怪吗?为什么前一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后接带 to 不定式 to catch,而后一句的 He ran as fast as he could 后要接现在分词 hoping 呢?

你想弄懂以上问题吗?你还想做做类似的一些陷阱题吗?请往下看。

1. Mr Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect.

A. such, that           B. such, as              C. so, that              D. so, as

【分析】此题容易误选A,一方面是因为 such … that … 是同学们很熟悉的一个句式,一看就可能选中了;另一方面,将 such … that … 的意思如此……以致……”代入句中,也完全通顺,即史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师,以致我们大家都尊敬他。从表面上看,以上分析很有道理,但其实错了。因为在such … that … (如此……以致……)结构中,that 引导的是结果状语从句,并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分,若在上句填入 such … that …,句末的 respect 显然缺少宾语(注意:respect 是及物动词)。正确的答案应是Bas 用作关系代词,用以引导定语从句,修饰其前的名词 teacher,同时 as 在定语从句中用作动词 respect 的宾语,句意为史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师。有的同学们可能还会问,能否选A答案,而将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢?(事实上 that 经常用于引导定语从句!) 不能。因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时,其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导,而不用that

顺便说一句,假若在原句的 respect 后加上 him 一词,则应选A,即He is such a good  teacher that we all respect him (他是如此好的一位老师,我们大家都尊敬他)

2. She can’t help _________ the house because she’s busy making a cake.

A. to clean              B. cleaning              C. cleaned               D. being cleaned

【分析】此题容易误选B,简单地套用 can’t help doing sth 这一结构。其实此题应选A,注意以下两个结构均可用,只是含义不同:can’t help doing sth=禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事; can’t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法,一般辞书均作为固定搭配列出来,许多老师对此也比较强调,从而也就引起了同学们的足够重视,并因此形成了思维定势;而后者为 help 表示帮助时的本义用法,因同学们平时对此没引起注意,一看到上面的试题就马上联想到 can’t help doing sth 这一结构,从而误选了B。请看下面一例:

While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.

A. to persuade          B. persuading           C. being persuaded   D. be persuaded

【分析】此题应选C(注意根据句意要用被动形式)。

4. He made up his mind to devote his life _________ pollution _________ happily.

A. to prevent, to live                             B. to prevent, from living

C. to preventing, to live                        D. to preventing, from living

【分析】此题容易误选B,认为第一空应填 to prevent(即认为其中的 to 为不定式符号),第二空应填 from living,因为 prevent … from doing sth 是一个常用句型。其实错了,正确的答案是C。第一空涉及的结构是 devote … to …(……奉献给……),其中的 to 是介词,而不是不定式符号;第二空从表面上看涉及的是prevent…from… 结构,但其实不是。因为在 prevent sb/sth from doing sth (阻止某人/某事做某事)这一句型中,prevent 后的宾语(sb/sth)应与其后动名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,如:We can't prevent him from leaving. (我们无法阻止他离开),此句中离开有逻辑上的主谓关系(他离开”)。而上面误句中的污染生活愉快没有逻辑上的主谓关系,所以不适宜用 prevent…from …结构。选项C中的不定式 to live happily 在句中用作目的状语。

5. Is there a shop around _________ we can buy some toilet articles?

A. that                    B. which                  C. where                 D. what

【分析】此题很容易误选 B,认为 around 是介词,选 which 用以代替前面的名词 shop,在此用作介词 around 的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错,但问题是,照此分析,此句的意思即为:有没有这样一个商店,在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品(你喜欢在商店的附近而不在商店里面买东西吗)?其实此题的最佳选项应是 C,其中的 around 是副词(意为在附近”),而不是介词,其后 where 引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词 shop,句意为:附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店?

6. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _________ it more difficult.

A. not make           B. not to make       C. not making        D. do not make

许多学生一看到题干中的逗号,便断定此题应选C,属现在分词表结果的用法。其实此题应选B,句中的逗号相当于连词 and butnot to make it more difficult 是对逗号前的不定式 to make life easier 的补充说明。全句句意为新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易,不是使生活变得更困难。两个不定式虽在句中用作表语,但它们是用以说明句子主语 purpose 的内容的。请看类例(www.)

(1) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ____B____ work for young people.

A. provide                B. to provide           C. providing             D. provided

(2) The purpose of the scheme ____A____ the employers but to provide work for young people.

A. is not to help B. does not help        C.is not help          D. is not helping

7. After _________ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.

A. which                 B. it                        C. what                   D. that

【分析】此题应选 C,其余三项都很容易误选。误选 A,认为介词后应接关系代词 which (注意没有先行词)B D 也不能选择,因为介词后可接 what 引导的宾语从句,但通常不能跟 that 引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面,引导名词性从句的 that 也不能充当句子成分(句中的 seemed 缺主语)

8. The judge paid no attention to _________ he had just lost his wife.

A. that                    B. which                  C. what                   D. the fact that

【分析】此题容易误选 A B:选A,认为 to 后应接一个 that 引导的宾语从句;选B,认为其后是一个定语从句,介词后应用关系代词 which。其实此题应选 D。注意不能选A的原因是,在通常情况下,介词后不能直接跟 that 从句(极个别介词如except, but 等除外),遇此情况,应在 that 从句前加上 the fact(此时 the fact 用作介词宾语,其后 that 从句用作 the fact 的同位语)。又如:

We all knew nothing about _________ he was a thief.

A. that                     B. which                  C. what                    D. the fact that (D)

9. “When _________ get married?”  “When _________ get married hasn’t been made public.”

A. they will, will they                            B. will they, they will

C. they will, they will                            D. will they, will they

【分析】此题容易误选 D,认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。其实此题应选 B,第二个 when 是用以引导主语从句的连接副词,其后要用陈述句词序。

10. That day Mr Smith got up late, so he ran as fast as he could _________ the early bus.

A. catch                  B. to catch C. catching  D. caught

【分析】此题容易误选A,认为情态动词后只能接动词原形。但是,错了,正确的答案是B。其实情态动词 could 后本来有动词原形 run,只是被省略了,即此句的完整形式应是 …so he ran as fast as he could run to catch the early bus,其中的不定式 to catch the early bus 为目的状语。又如:

(1) My parents did what they could _________ my aunt and uncle.

A. help                    B. to help                C. helping                D. helped

(2) He read what he could _________ his knowledge.

A. widen                  B. to widen              C. widening             D. widened

以上两题均选B,即选不定式,且此不定式为目的状语。但是,同学们若据此形成思维定势,也会麻烦。为此,请再看两题:

(1) He ran as fast as he could _________to catch the bus.

A. hope                    B. to hope               C. hoping                 D. hoped

【分析】此题的最佳答案不是B,而是C,其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the bus 用作伴随状语,即一边跑一边在希望能赶上早班车。

(2) He spent every minute he could _________ foreign languages.

A. study                   B. to study               C. studying              D. studied

【分析】此题也应选C,但是,它与上题选现在分词 hoping 表伴随有所不同,此题的 studying 其实与其前的动词 spend 有关,即此句中的 studying 为动名词,其前省略了介词 in。注意spend 的句型:spend + 时间或金钱 + (in) doing sth

11. _________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

A. It                        B. As                       C. That                   D. What

【分析】此题很容易误选 A,认为此处应填一个形式主语,况且 It is (well) known to…也是一个常用句型,读起来也很上口,其实选错了。同学们仔细想想看,假若选 A,空格处填一个形式主语(it),那么其后就应有一个真正的主语,而事实上没有。但是若句中的逗号改成 that,则只能选 A,因为这样一来,that 便成为一个引导主语从句的引导词。此题的最佳答案是 Bas 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句,可置于主句前(常译为正如”)或主句后(常译为这一点”),句意为正如大家所知,月球每月绕地球转一周

12. He is always really rude, _________ is why people tend to avoid him.

A. that                    B. it                        C. this                     D. which

【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为 that’s why…是一个常用结构,同学们极易受此影响而选错,当然若此句的空格前有连词 and 或其前的逗号改为分号,则完全可选that(分别构成并列句或两个独立的简单句)。此题的最佳答案是 D,句子后半部为一个非限制性定语从句,which He is always really rude. 另外请比较以下两题(注意连词的有无):

(1) He had a lot of friends, none of _________ could lend him any money. (选A

(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of _________ could lend him any money. (选B

A. whom                  B. them                    C. which                  D. who

13. He wrote a lot of novels, none of _________ translated into a foreign language.

A. them                   B. which                  C. it                        D. what

同学们看了上面一题的分析后,也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B,理由是none前没有并列连词 and but,其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A,注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同,即此句的 translated 不是谓语,而是一个非谓语动词(过去分词),所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子,而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was,则此题应选 B(which),构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心,千万不要想当然,更不要受定势思维的影响。又如:

(1) I met several people there, two of _________ were foreigners. (选A

(2) I met several people there, two of _________ being foreigners. (选B

A. whom                  B. them                    C. who                    D. which

14. He said he would never forget the day _________ he spent with his girlfriend in the country.

A. that                    B. when                   C. how                    D. where

【分析】此题容易误选 B,有不少学生总是机械地认为:时间名词后用关系副词when,地点名词后用关系副词 where。其实时间名词和地点名词后既可能用关系副词也可能用关系代词,主要看它们在定语从句中充当什么句子成分,原则上说:作主语或宾语,用关系代词;作状语,用关系副词。此题从句中的 spent 缺宾语,故应用关系代词(that),而不能用关系副词,即此题应选 A。比较:

(1) This is the factory _________ I worked 10 years ago. (选A

(2) This is the factory _________ I worked in 10 years ago. (选B

A. where                  B. that                     C. what                    D. why

15. She may have missed the train, in _________ case she won’t arrive for another hour.

A. whose                 B. that                    C. which                 D. what

【分析】此题容易误选 A,因为不少学生认为在定语从句中能用作定语的关系代词只有 whose。其实除 whose 可用作定语外,which 也可用作定语,只是含义上有差别:在此情况下,whose 的意思相当于 one’s,而 which 的意思则相当于 that this。比较:

(1) This is Mary, whose [= and her] father we met last week.

(2) Call again at 11, by which time [= and by that time] the meeting should be over.

注:若上面一题中的逗号前有连词 and,也可选 B(that)

16. Sophia was dressed like an actress, _________ she was not.

A. that                    B. which                  C. who                    D. it

【分析】此题很容易误选 C,因为许多学生认为指人时总是用 who,不能用 which,选项 A(that)虽然也能指人,但这是非限制性定语从句,也不能用。其实此题应选 B(which),因为这里的 which 指的其实不是具体的某个人,而是指一个人的特征或属性,此时不能用 who

17. According to the rules, students must not _________ their books during examinations.(www.)

A. read                    B. watch                  C. notice                 D. look at

【分析】此题容易误选A,因为许多学生牢牢地记住了:看书看报用 read,看电视用watch,看电影用see,看比赛用watch,看黑板用look at,等等。以上说法并没有错,但问题是,以上句子有其特殊性。一般说来,汉语的看书至少有两层意思,一是指阅读性地看书,即看书=读书,此时通常用动词read;另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书,而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等,此时通常都不宜用动词read,而应根据情况选用其他动词( look at)。又如:Let me have a look at the book (让我看看或翻翻这本书)Please answer my questions without looking at your books (请不看书回答我的问题)

18. Every boy and girl _________ the book and they each _________ to buy one.

A. like, want           B. likes, wants        C. likes, want         D. like, wants

【分析】此题容易误选D,认为前面一空要用复数动词,因为它的主语是 boy and girl,是复数;而第二空则应用单数动词,因为其前有 each 表示每一个。而事实上,恰恰相反,此题应选C。因为按英语习惯,every 后接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语要用单数,即第一空应填 likes;而第二空要填复数动词 want,因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 eacheach 为主语同位语)。

19. _________ is his favorite subject, but he doesn’t know _________ for “gongzhuo”.

A. English, English B. The English, the English

C. English, the English                          D. The English, English

【分析】此题容易误选A,认为表示语言的名词前是不用冠词的。的确,英语中表示语言或表示学科的语言名词前习惯上不加冠词,但是它若表示语言中的对应词语时,则其前习惯上要用定冠词,又如:What’s the Chinese for “work”(work 用汉语怎么说)?另外,在 the English language, the French language 这类带有 language 的表达中也通常要用冠词。顺便说一句,语言名词前习惯上不用物主代词,所以谁教你们的英语不能译为 Who teaches your English? 而应译为 Who teaches you English?(此句 teach 后接的 you English 为双宾语) 但是,当表示语言的名词表示某人使用语言的能力和水平时,则可用物主代词,如可说 My English is very poor。因此,最佳答案选C

20. Canada is larger than _________ country in Asia.

A. any                     B. any other           C. other                  D. another

同学们大都比较熟悉下列句型 (其中的 other 不可省略)

He is clever than any other student in his class. 他比班上其他学生要聪明。

Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. 上海比中国其他城市要大。

于是许多同学便将than any other 作为一个短语记了下来。但是上面一题有所不同。这类句型到底该不该加 other,主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内:若在范围之内,则用 other (以排除自己与自己比较);若不在范围之内,则不用 other。比较下面一题:

China is larger than _________ country in Asia.

A. any                     B. any other             C. other                   D. another

【分析】此题应选B,因为 China Asia 的范围之内。假若选A,则表示中国比亚洲的任何国家都大,而中国本身也是亚洲国家,由此则得出中国比中国大的荒谬结论。而选B,则表示中国比亚洲任何其他国家要大,这才合乎事实。

21. Remind him _________ the window when he leaves.

A. of closing           B. closing                C. to close               D. close

【分析】此题容易误选A,受 remind sb of (doing) sth 这结构的影响。比较以下三个结构:

remind sb of sth = 使某人想起某事

remind sb of doing sth = 提醒某人做过某事(暗示动作已发生)

remind sb to do sth = 提醒某人去做某事(暗示动作尚未发生)

请看两个例句:

I’m too busy these days. Please remind me to attend the meeting on Friday. 这几天我很忙,请提醒我星期五去开会。

I was going to see the film, but he reminded me of seeing it before. 我本来打来打算去看这部电影的,但是他提醒我说我以前看过。(此句也可说成 …but he reminded me that I had seen it before

结合句意和以上分析,此题最佳答案为C

22You are right, we are not interested _________ to stories, but now we’d be interested _________ your story.

A. in listening, in hearing                     B. to listen, to hear

C. in listening, to hear                          D. to listen, in hearing

【分析】此题容易误选A,因为 be interested in 是大家很熟悉的结构,in 是介词,其后接动词自然应用动名词。但是,从句意来看,此题的最佳答案应是C。为此请注意以下区别:

be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣(指一般性的动作)

be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事,很想做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

如:He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。

We’d be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。

请看一个类似的例子(www.)

be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事(指一般性的动作)

be keen to do sth = 喝望做某事(指尚未发生的动作)

He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。

I can’t drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车,但我很想学。

但是,以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的,因为并不是所有的“be + 形容词都可同时接不定式或介词 + 动名词的。如:

(1) 要表示喜欢做某事,英语可用 be fond of doing sth,但不用 be fond to do sth

(2) 要表示忙于做某事,英语可用 be busy in doing sth,但不用 be busy to do sth

(3) 要表示厌烦做某事,英语可用 be tired of doing sth,但不用 be tired to do sth

(4) 要表示做某事做迟了,英语可用 be late in doing sth,但不用 be late to do sth

(5)  要表示做某事有经验,英语可用 be experienced at / in doing sth,但不用 be experienced to do sth

另外,对于可用于两个结构者,也不见得含义都有以上区别的。如:be fortunate in doing sth be fortunate in doing sth 大致同义。

名师详解语法易错题(02

曲解语境类错误

(内部讲稿,仅供交流,请勿商用)

现在英语语法考题有个趋势就是不单是考查语言规则,更不是考查语言规则的死记硬背,而是注重考查语言知识的具体运用,即将语言知识置于一定的语境中,要求考生在实际语言环境中选择一个最佳的、最得体的、当然也是最地道的选项。面对这类考题,同学们首先就要认真读懂题干,仔细分析题干所提供的语境,注意挖掘其中的隐藏信息,从而找到解题的突破口。下面请看几个实例分析:

Thank you very much indeed. If it had not been for your advice I really _________ what I should have done.

A. don’t know         B. didn’t know         C. hadn’t known      D.wouldn’t have known

【分析】此题的空格前后均用了虚拟语气,空格处是否应该要用虚拟语气呢?有的同学会说要用虚拟语气,也有的同学可能会说不用虚拟语气。到底用还是不用,实话告诉你吧,不宜用虚拟语气,这是句子上下文的语境决定的。那么这个语境是什么?怎样分析?请看本节后面有关例题。

How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _________ voice.

A. a better               B. a best                  C. the better            D. the best

【分析】此题的最佳答案是不是 D? 因为按语法常识,最高级前应用定冠词;或者选C?因为比较级前用定冠词(如 the better one)也是可能的;或者选AB?告诉你吧,最佳答案为A,这也与上文的语境有关(同时还涉及省略),你想知道详细分析吗?请往后面看。

“I don’t like him, _________?” “No, I don’t at all.”

A. do I                    B. do you                C. don’t I                D. does she

【分析】此题是考查反意疑问句吗?最佳答案是A吗?不是,完全不是。答案选B,理由见后。

本节专门搜集中学英语中一些典型的因忽略语境而出错的试题,供同学们参考。

1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _________ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see                 B. to be seen          C. seeing                 D. seen

【分析】此题容易误选A,简单地认为动词 remain 后接动词要用不定式,而忽略了句子的语境,进而忽略了 to see 的语态。句中的 it 不是指示代词,而是形式主语,真正的主语是空格后的 whether they will enjoy it,也就是说此句的实际结构是 … but whether they will enjoy it remains _________. 由此可见,whether they will enjoy it 与动词 see 的关系应是被动的,而不是主动的,答案应选B

2. “I don’t like him, _________?” “No, I don’t at all.”

A. do I                    B. do you                C. don’t I               D. does she

【分析】此题容易误选A,认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句:陈述部分主语为I,疑问部分主语也应是I;陈述部分为否定式,所以疑问部分要用肯定式。做此题的关键是要看下文的语境,下文说“No, I don’t at all.”(不,我一点也不喜欢),这表明前一句是在询问对方的看法,所以此题的最佳答案应是B,它是 do you like him? 的省略形式,全句意为我不喜欢他,你呢(你喜欢他吗)?”

3. “Alice, you feed the bird today, _________?” “But I fed it yesterday.”

A. do you               B. will you              C. didn’t you          D. don’t you

【分析】此题容易误选D,与上题一样,认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句。此题的下文语境“But I fed it yesterday”(但是我昨天才喂过鸟)很重要,它表明上文是在要求对方喂鸟。另外,前一句中的称呼语 Alice 也是一个重要的信息,联系此信息和下文语境,我们可断定 you feed the bird today 是一个带有主语的祈使句,所以此题的最佳答案应是B

4. “I’ve never found a better job.” “_________.”

A. I don’t think so                                B. Too bad

C. Congratulations  D. Don’t worry

【分析】此题容易误选BD,主要是将上文的意思理解错了,即将其理解为我从来没找到一份好工作。其实,I’ve never found a better job 的实际意思是这是我所找到的最好的一份工作,此句可视为 I’ve never found a better job than this job (我从来没有找到比这份工作更好的工作,即这是我所找到的最好的工作)之省略,面对此话,对方最佳的回答当然应是C,即表示祝贺。请看下面一道,最佳答案是C,你明白是什么原因吗?

“What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, _________. We couldn’t have found a better place.”

A. too bad               B. sorry                   C.wonderful            D. impossible

5. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _________ voice.

A. a better              B. a best                 C. the better           D. the best

【分析】此题容易误选D,认为最高级前用定冠词才是最佳的。其实此题最佳答案为A,该句可视为是下面这句的省略形式:…I have never heard a better voice than her voice. 全句句意为她唱得多好啊!我从未听过她这么好的声音。请再看以下类似的实例:

He is fine, never better. 他很好,比以往任何时候都好。

I've never seen a finer bird. 我从未见过比这更美的鸟(即这是我见过的最美的鸟)

I’ve never found a better job. 这是我找到的最好的工作。

比较以下试题,情形也大致相同:

(1) Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _________IQ.

A. a high                 B. a higher              C. the higher           D. the highest

答案选B,句意为“……我怀疑班上有没有哪个人比他智商更高,即我认为他可能是班上智商最高的

(2) “Are you satisfied with his answer?” “Not at all. It couldn’t have been _________.”

A. better                  B. worse                  C. more                   D. less

【分析】此题最佳答案为B,关键是要理解 Not at all 的意思。根据上文语境,Not at all I am not satisfied at all with his answer. 之省略,即表示我对他的回答一点也不满意,既然如此,他的回答当然会是 couldn’t have been worse(不可能更糟)。

6. “I _________ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I _________ to bring my phone book.”

A. forget, forget      B. forgot, forgot  C. forget, forgot       D. forgot, forget

【分析】此题容易误选A,认为忘记是现在的事。仔细体会一下对话的语境:第一个人说我忘记他的电话号码了,这个忘记应该是现在的事,即现在忘记了,要不然就没有必要同对方说此话了,故第一空应填 forget;第二个人说我有他的号码,但我忘记带电话本了,这个忘记应该是过去的事,即过去忘记带电话本,所以现在电话本不在身上(注意句中的转折连词 but),故第二空应填 forgot。请再看一例:

— Oh, I _________ where he lives.

— Don’t you carry you address book?

No, I _________ to bring it.

A. forget, forget       B. forgot, forgot  C.forget, forgot         D. forgot, forget

答案选C,理由同上。

7. Thank you very much indeed. If it had not been for your advice I really _________ what I should have done.

A. don’t know        B. didn’t know       C. hadn’t known    D. wouldn’t have known

【分析】此题容易误选CD,认为此句既然为虚拟语气语境,当然应选择与虚拟语气有关的答案。此句的句意是真的是太感谢你了。要不是因为你给我提的建议,我真不知道自己做出了什么蠢事来,句中 if it had not been for your advice what I should have done 用了虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反的假设,但是句中的我不知道也要用虚拟语气吗?换句话说,我不知道是与事实相反的假设吗?显然不是。所以它不能用虚拟语气,应用陈述语气(I don’t know),表明这是事实(表达自己对对方的感谢之意)。请再看几个类似的例子:

(1) “It’s a long time since we last heard from her.” “Yes, how I wish I knew how she is getting along.” “我们很久没收到她的来信了。”“是啊,我多希望知道她现在过得怎么样。

按照英语语法,I wish 后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气,所以其后的 I knew 也的确用的是虚拟语气,但是I knew 后的宾语从句用不用虚拟语气呢?不用。句中说我多么希望知道,说明现在并不知道,即现在知道并不是事实,只是一种想法,故用了虚拟语气;但是她现在过得怎么样呢?则是她现在的实际情况,是事实,故用陈述语气。

(2) I wish I knew what is happening. 但愿我知道现在正在发生什么事。

此句I knew 用虚拟语气,说明现在想知道,但实际并不知道;其后的 what is happening 没用虚拟语气,是因说话者想知道现在实实在在发生的情况,即想知道现在正在发生什么情况这一事实。比较下例:

(3) I wish I knew what was happening. 要是我当时知道正在发生什么事就好了。

此句用 what was happening 也非虚拟语气,而是陈述语气的过去进行时态,指过去正在发生的事情。

8. I had no idea _________ is better, so I took _________ of them.

A. what, both         B. what, none         C. which, both        C. which, none

【分析】此题的关键语境是句中的 better 一词,better 用的是比较级,说明比较的对象应是两者,由此可知第二空应填both 为好;由于谈的是两者,说明选择范围很明确,所以第一空应填 which。即答案应选C

9. “Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?” “_________ will do, but milk is _________ popular with me.”

A. Neither, not       B. Both, more         C. Either, the most    D. All, the most

【分析】此题容易误选B,认为前文提到 coffee beer 为两者,故其后应选 both more 与之对应(more 为比较级,指两者比较)。但是,这样想的同学忽略了下文的语境已发生变化——后者谈的既不是 coffee 也不是 beer,而是 milk,即第二空涉及的不是两者,而是三者,故第二空应填 the most,即此题最佳答案为C

10. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _________.”

A. He’d better give up drinking           B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much

C. Health is more important than drink                             D. I wonder why he is always doing so

【分析】此题最佳答案为D,但ABC均有可能误选,主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were,因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气,也就是说,他喝醉了不是事实,只是他的言行好像是喝醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意,句中的 so it does 表示强调,意为他看上去的确像是喝醉了。类似用法:“The building looks beautiful.” “Yes, so it does.” “这房子看上去很美。”“是的,看上去的确很美。此句中的 so it does 也表强调。

11. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _________ too busy.

A. was                     B. had been            C. would be            D. would have been

【分析】此题容易误选BD,认为前句用了had hoped,所以此句谓语要用BD与之呼应。正确答案为A:前一句谓语用had hoped,表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算,可以译为本想,而后一句说我太忙,这是陈述过去的一个事实,所以要用一般过去时。请看类例(答案均为A)

(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _________ it was gone.

A. found                  B. had found            C. would find          D.would have found

(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _________.

A. didn't                   B. hadn't                  C. would not           D. would not been

(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _________ no time.

A. had                     B. had had               C. would have         D. would have had

(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _________ and I couldn't get away.

A. called                  B. had called            C. would call           D.would have called

12. “_________ is her husband?” “The man standing by the window, wearing a blue jacket.”

A. Where                B. How                    C. Which                D. What

【分析】此题容易误选A,受答句中 by the window 的影响。最佳答案选C,主要由下文的语境而定:哪个(which)是她的丈夫?”“站在窗子边,穿蓝色夹克衣的那个(人是她的丈夫)事实上只要改变上文,其他几个选项是完全可能的:

(1) “_________ is her husband?” “In Room 305, which has a red door.”

A. Where                 B. How                    C. Which                 D. What

答案选A,句意为:她丈夫在哪?”“305房间,房间门是红色的。

(2) “_________ is her husband today?” “Much better now. Thank you for coming to see him.”

A. Where                 B. How                    C. Which                 D. What

答案选B,句意为:她丈夫今天怎么样?”“好多了,谢谢你来看他。

(3) “_________ is her husband?” “A teacher, an excellent teacher respected by students.”

A. Where                 B. How                    C. Which                 D. What

答案选D,句意为:她丈夫是干什么的?”“当老师的,是一位备受学生尊重的好老师。

13. Dear me! Just _________ at the time! I _________ no idea it was so late.

A. look, have          B. looking, had       C. look, had           D. looking, have

【分析】此题容易误选D,认为第一空用现在分词表伴随,第二空填 have 的一般现在时,以保持与前面时态的一致性。其实,此题应选C,第一空应填 look, 因为这是祈使句的谓语;第二空应填 had,因为前一句说看看时间吧,这一看当然知道了现在很迟的情形,不知道这么迟了显然应是过去的事,故应用一般过去时态,许多同学由于忽略这一隐含的语境而误选。正确答案选C

14. “The light in the office is still on.” “Oh, I forgot _________.”

A. turning it off     B. turn it off          C. to turn it off     D. having turned if off

动词 forget 后接动词时,可用不定式,也可用动名词,但含义不同:接不定式,表示动作尚未发生;接动名词,表示动作已发生。此题从上文语境看,办公室的灯还是亮着的,说明关灯的动作尚未发生,故应选C答案。有的同学由于没有真正弄清上文的语境而误选了AD

15. “Please don’t make a noise.” “_________. I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.”

A. Yes, I do            B. No, I don’t        C. Yes, I will          D. No, I won’t

有的同学由于受前一句don’t 的影响,认为下文的答句应选AB,这些同学主要是忽略了上文的真实语境:上文是一个祈使句,而祈使句表示的时间应是将来,这从空格后的 I’ll be … 这个将来时态也可看出。另外,从 I’ll be as quiet as a mouse 这一语境来看,此题的最佳答案应选D而不选CNo, I won’t. No, I won’t make any noise 之省略。请再看几例(答案均选B):

(1) “Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.” “_________.”

A. I don’t                B. I won’t               C. I can’t                D. I haven’t

(2) “Write to me when you get there.” “_________.”

A. I must                 B. I will                  C. I can                   D. I should

(3) “Never tell him about it.” “ _________.”

A. Yes, I don’t        B. No, I won’t        C. Yes, I won’t       D.No, I haven’t

顺便说一句,由于祈使句表示的时间属将来,所以当祈使句后接一个反意疑问句时,可用 will you 之类的:

Be quiet, will you? 请安静,好吗?

Please come over, will [won’t] you? 请过来,好吗?

Don’t forget to phone me, will you? 别忘了给我打电话,好吗?

肯定的祈使句后,可用 will you won’t you 等,但否定的祈使句后,要用 will you,而不能用 won’t you

16. “How long has this bookshop been in business?” “_________ 1982.”

A. After                  B. In                       C. From                  D. Since

【分析】此题若仅从答句来看,似乎四个答案均可以。但根据上文语境两个关键性的信息how long has been,可知答句应是一个表示一段时间的短语,且应可以连用现在完成时态。所以答案应选D。比较以下各题 (答案均为D)

(1) “When did the bookstore start?” “_________ 1982.”

A. With                   B. Since                   C. From                   D. In

(2) “How long did you work in the bookstore?” “_________1982 to 1988.”

A. After                   B. In                        C. Since                   D. From

17. “Your phone number again? I _________ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”

A. didn’t                 B. couldn’t              C. don’t                  D. can’t

【分析】此题容易误选C,认为此处要用一般现在时态,表示现在没听清对方的话。其实,答案应选A,根据上文的语境请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗?,可知没听清对方的电话号码应是在说此话以前,故应用一般过去时态。请看类例:

(1) “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _________.”

A. promises              B. promised              C. will promise        D. had promised

答案选B他答应(要来)”应发生在过去。

(2) “Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _________.”

A. I’m not noticing  B. I wasn’t noticing

C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice

答案选B我没注意是对方提醒之前的事,现经对方一提醒,当然注意到了。

比较(www.)

“What’s his name?” “I _________.”

A. forget                  B. forgot                  C. had forgotten       D. am forgetting

【分析】此题应选A,从语境看,忘记的时间应是现在,即指现在不记得了。

18. “You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?” “_________. How I wish to go there!”

A. Yes, I have        B. Yes, I haven’t    C. No, I have         D. No, I haven’t

【分析】此题不宜选BC,因为这两个答案本身就有问题,即 Yes 后用了否定式,而No 后用了肯定式。至于AD,则有许多同学拿不准该选哪一个,因为单独看问句和AD两个选项,两个选项都没错。此题的关键是要看下文的语境,即 How I wish to go there! (我多么希望能去那儿啊),这说明说此话的人还没去那儿(即没去过北京),所以答案应选D。同学们想想看,假若此题按下题这样改动一下,情形又如何呢?

“You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?” “_________. And how I wish to go there again!”

A. Yes, I have         B. Yes, I haven’t     C.No, I have          D. No, I haven’t

【分析】此题的最佳答案就不再是D了,而应是A。因为题中说 and how I wish to go there again(注意句中 again 一词),这说明说话人曾去过那儿(即去过北京),所以要选A

19. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _________ known for his plays.

A. the best              B. more                   C. better                 D. the most

【分析】此题首先不宜选BD,因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是 better knownbest known,有时也可以是 more well known most well known,但通常不能是 more known most known。至于是选A还是C?这就要看语境。由于AC的区别是比较级和最高级的区别,所以区分这两个答案的关键就是要分清句中涉及的是两者比较,还是三者或三者以上的比较。细读全句,我们发现句中涉及的只有 stories plays 这两者,所以应选C为最佳。

20. Mr Smith _________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.

A. has written         B. wrote                  C. had written        D. was writing

【分析】此题应选D,这是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的,全句意为史密斯先生去年在写一本书,但我不知道他现在是否写完了。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B,则句子前半部分的意思则为史密斯先生去年写了一本书,既然是写了,那么这与下文的但我不知道他现在是否写完了相矛盾。

21. Robert is said _________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied  B. to study              C. to be studying   D. to have been studying

【分析】此题4个选项都容易误选,其实最佳答案应是A,主要是因为下文but I don’t know what country he studied in 这一语境,注意此句中的过去时谓语动词 studied,这说明在国外学习是过去的事,进而可以推知填空处应用不定式的完成式。请看类例:

(1) He was _________ the new ambassador, but he fell ill.

A. to be                   B. being                   C. to have been       D. having been

最佳答案选C,注意下文的 but he fell ill,指的是过去。

(2) I wish I’d been there — I would like _________ her face when his husband came in.

A. to see                  B. to have seen        C. seeing                  D. having seen

最佳答案选B,注意上文的 I wish I’d been there,涉及的是过去的情况。

22. “Why haven’t you bought any butter?” “I _________ to but I forgot about it.”

A. liked                   B. wished                C. meant                 D. expected

【分析】此题似乎4个选项都对,但根据上下文的语境,只有C为最佳,I meant to I meant to buy some butter 之省略。甲问乙为什么没买黄油,乙回答说本来打算买的,但忘记了。在所提供的4个选项中,各个动词均可后接不定式,但要表示本来打算做某事而没有做这一意思时,以用 meant to do sth 为最佳。

23. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _________ it was?

A. where                 B. what                   C. how                    D. which

【分析】此题答案选D,主要与上文的some book or other (某一本书)这一语境有关,全句句意为:我在某一本书上读到过它,是哪一本书这很重要吗?请看类例:

(1) “Who told you?” “Oh, somebody or other, I’ve forgotten _________.”

A. what                    B. when                   C. which                  D. who

答案选D。句意为:谁告诉你的?”“噢,有个人,我忘记是哪一个了。

(2) Some of the students were late for the meeting, but I can’t remember _________.

A. what                    B. when                   C. which                  D. whom

最佳答案为C。句意为有些学生开会迟到了,但我不记得是哪些学生了

24. “Is John coming by train?” “He should, but he _________ not. He likes driving his car.”

A. must                   B. can                     C. need                   D. may

【分析】此题最佳答案为D,这是由上下文的语境决定的。句中的 He should He should come by train 之省略,但紧接着跟了一个转折连词 but,说明语意有变化,再结合下文的 He likes driving his car,便可决定此题选Dmay not 意为可能不(会坐火车来)”

25. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.” “It _________ true because there was little snow there.”

A. may not be        B. won’t be             C. couldn’t be        D. mustn’t be

【分析】此题最佳答案为C,主要由下文的 because there was little snow there 这一语境所决定,既然没下什么雪,那么滑雪就应是不可能,所以选 couldn’t be,即选C

26. You can get there by plane or by boat, but in _________ case it’s very expensive.

A. which                 B. this                     C. any                     D. either

【分析】此题应选D,其余三项均有可能误选。首先不能选A,因为句中有并列连词 but,况且前面一句有 by plane by boat 两种选择,这与 which 所表示的确定含义也不相符;B也不能选择,因为 this 也是表示确定含义的,它与前面的 by plane or by boat 这种不确定性也不相符;选项C也不行,因为 any 是表示三者或三者以上的情形的,而 by plane or by boat 只有两种选择。答案选Deither 表示两者中任意之一

27These trousers are wet — I’ll change into my _________.

A. another               B. trousers               C. others                 D. other

【分析】此题容易误选AB。有的同学认为,既然这条裤子湿了,那么我就换另外一条,所以用 another,但是这些同学忽略了 another 后通常接单数名词,而 trousers 是个复数名词,所以不行;选 trousers 也不行,同学们只要把它填入空格处翻译一下就知道,填 trousers 句子意思不通。正确答案应选Cothers 等于 other trousers,其中的 other 是与前面的 these 相对照的,即这条裤子湿了,我就换其他的裤子。

28. Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _________.

A. other                  B. the other            C. the others           D. another

【分析】此题容易死套搭配 one … the other…而误选B,其实最佳答案为D。使用one…the other … 时,我们通常是针对两者而言的,即指两者中的一个……,另一个……”;如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的,而是针对多者而言的,那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other,而考虑用 another。又如(答案均选D,即选 another)

(1) Those cakes are wonderful. Could I have _________ one?

A. other                   B. the other             C. the others            D.another

(2) I have many such novels. I’ll bring _________ tomorrow.

A. other                   B. the other             C. the others            D.another

(3) Saying is one thing and doing is _________.

A. other                   B. the other             C. the others            D.another

比较以下各例:

(1) Shut _________ eye, Jim.

A. another                B. some other          C. other                   D. the other

答案选D,因为人的眼睛只有两只,故用 one…the other 结构。

(2) It’s sometimes hard to tell one twin from _________.

A. another                B. some other          C. other                   D. the other

答案选Dtwin 意为孪生子之一双胞胎之一,即指两者之一,故用 one…the other 这一结构。

29. You are _________ careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill.     

A. not more            B. no more             C. not less               D. no less

选对此题,至少要弄清两点:一是下文的语境,二是 not more than, no more than 等结构的含义。下文说 You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill(你们两个都不适合做这需要细心和技巧的工作),这就表明这两个人都不是很仔细的人。再看选项中所涉及的几个结构的意思:

not more … than = 不如……(www.)

no more … than = ……一样不(否定两者)

not less … than = 不如……不(即指不如 less 后形容词的反面)

no less … than = ……一样(肯定两者)

比较以下各句的意思:

You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。

You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。

You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。

You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细(你比他粗心)。

You are not less careful than he is.你比他仔细(你不如他粗心)。

You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。

综合以上分析,上面一题的最佳答案应是B

30. I want very much to buy a colour TV set, but I can’t afford _________.

A. it                        B. one                     C. this                     D. that

答案选B,但容易误选Ait one 的区别可简单地概括为:it = the + 名词,one = a + 名词。如:

I haven’t any dictionaries, and I want to borrow one. 我没有词典,我想借一本。(one = a dictionary)

I have two dictionaries, and I can lend one to you. 我有两本词典,我可以借一本给你。(one = a dictionary)

I have a dictionary, and I can lend it to you. 我有一本词典,我可以把它借给你。(it = the dictionary)

根据上面一题的语境,句子后半截显然应该是 … but I can’t afford a colour TV set,而不是 but I can’t afford the colour TV set,所以答案选B

31. I have no idea _________ is better, so I took both of them.

A. what                   B. which                  C. how                    D. why

【分析】此题应选 BCD 不能选,是因为它们是副词,不能用作主语。A B 均为代词,均可用作主语,其区别是:which 通常指有明确范围的选择,而 what 则通常指没有明确范围的选择,那么到底本句所体现的选择范围是明确还是不明确呢?请注意句中的隐藏信息 better both of them,这说明选择范围是明确的(即只有两者),故选 B 为佳。

32“Mary looks hot and dry” “So _________ you if you had a high fever.”

A. do                       B. are                      C. will                     D. would

【分析】此题容易误选AC。选A者,认为前后两句的动词性质应一致;选C者,认为其后带有if 条件状语从句,从语气上看,主句应用将来时态。以上两种分析都有一定道理,但是不完全对。用“so+助动词+主语表示“……也一样时,在多数情况下,其中的助动词会与前一句的动词性质一致。如:

He is ill, and so am I. 他病了,我也病了。

He can do it and so can I. 他会做,我也会。

He likes it and so do I. 他喜欢它,我也喜欢。

但是,有时也不一定如此。如:

If you go, so shall I. 如果你去,我也去。

When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候,人类也会随之消失。

至于为什么不能选C,那是因为其后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(许多同学会忽略此信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案应选D

33. _________ big fish! Where did you get them?

A. What                  B. What a               C. How                   D. How a

假若单独就 _________ big fish! 这一句而言,选A B都是可以的,但因为 fish 用作可数名词时,它的单数与复数同形。但问题是,下文中有个 them,这说明前面的 fish 是复数而不是单数,所以此题的正确答案应是A

34. Once your business becomes international, _________ constantly will be part of your life.

A. you fly               B. your flight          C. flight                  D. flying

【分析】此题最佳答案为D,其余几项均有可能误选。最容易为同学们忽略的隐含信息是句中的副词 constantly,由于它的出现,这就注定了不能选BC,因为BC均为名词,不能受副词 constantly 的修饰。AD均是可能的,因为其中有动词 fly。但若选Ayou fly 是一个主谓结构,与其后的谓语 will be 相冲突,所以只能选D —— flying 是动名词,在此用作主语(www.)

35. There are four bedrooms, _________ with its own bathroom.

A. all                       B. each                    C. every                  D. either

【分析】此题容易误选A,认为前面有 four,属多者,故用 all。其实,正确答案应为B,注意空格后的隐藏信息 its,它表示空格处应填一个单数代词 (注意:不能选C,因为 every 不能单独作主语)

36. “Would you like coffee or tea?” “We’d like three black _________.”

A. coffee                  B. coffees                 C. cups of coffee    D. cup of coffees

【分析】此题容易误选C,因为三杯茶三杯咖啡等的通常表示法便是 three cups of tea, three cups of coffee。但是,选C的同学忽略了一个重要信息,即空格前的 black。在英美国家,有的人喜欢在咖啡里添加牛奶,并且把加了牛奶的咖啡叫做 white coffee,而把没有加牛奶的咖啡叫做 black coffee。由此可见,上题中的 black 应是修饰 coffee 的,而不是修饰 cup的。另外有个问题,即有的同学认为 coffee 是物质名词,不可数,不能用 three coffees 这样的表达,其实,coffee既可用作不可数名词,表示咖啡这种物质,也可用作可数名词,表示一杯咖啡,即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。类似地,三杯茶既可说成 three cups of tea,也可说成 three teas三杯啤酒既可说成 three glasses of beer,也可说成 three beers。请再做下面一题:

“Would you like coffee or tea?” “We’d like three black _________.”

A. tea                      B. teas                     C. cups of tea          D. cup of teas

答案选B,理由同上题。注:black tea 红茶”(英语习惯上不说 red tea)

37. He has changed a lot. He _________ not what he _________.

A. is, is                   B. was, was             C. is, was                D. was, is

答案选C,上文说变化很大,即现在不是过去的那个样子了,故第一空填is,第二空填 was(其实第二空也可用 used to be)。请看类例:

“Look! That may be the same tree that we happened to see two hours ago.” “My God. We _________ back where we _________.

A. are, are               B. were, were          C. are, were             D. were, are

答案选CWe are back where we were 的意思是我们现在又回到刚才来过的地方

38. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I _________ once, but I don’t now.”

A. may have thought                             B. can have thought 

C. may think                                          D. might think

答案选A。从答话人的语境可知,空格处的意思曾经这样想过,即对过去情况作推测,故应用情态动词+动词完成式,又因为 can 表推测不用于肯定句,故选A。请看类例:

Their answers are exactly the same — one of them _________ from the other.

A. must copy           B. must have copied C.should copy         D. should have copied

答案选B,既然两人的答案完全一样,说明抄袭已经发生,故用情态动词+动词完成式,根据句意,应选B而不能选D

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