中文题目、楷体、小二号、横线上的内容位于横线的中部 题 目 浅析中西饮食文化的差异 英文题目、Times New Roman、 小二号 所有横线长度一致 楷体、小二号、所有横线长度一致,横线上的内容位于横线的中部,如图 专 业 姓 名 年 级 指导教师 二零零七年六月 Times New Roman、三号加粗、居中 正文Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距、首行缩进4-5个字母的距离、两端对齐 Food plays an irreplaceable role in the development of society and the progress of human civilization. It is an essential prerequisite for human existence. However, different nations have different food and food habits. That is because they have different culture, especially food culture. Only within the context of each individual culture can food and food habits be best understood. This thesis expounds the important function of food culture between different countries’ cultural communication by analyzing Chinese and Western food culture. By examining these differences, we can improve our ability in cultural communication. Food culture is a special cultural phenomenon. By the process of people’s studies, people know food culture from one side to the study of different culture backgrounds, customs and historical environments. This thesis endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their root causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspective of concept, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, more communication and interaction will arise between Chinese and western food cultures and they will develop together. 宋体、小四、空一行 顶格、Times New Roman、小四、其中 “Key words:” 加粗,其他不加粗 (注意:关键词3-5个,词与词之间用英文的分号隔开,最后一个关键词不需加标点;除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写;如需换行的,可用悬挂缩进或手工换行的方法,使第二行与上一行的第一个关键词对齐。) 正文小四、宋体、1.5倍行距、首行缩进两个汉字的距离 页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、中英文摘要页码采用小写罗马数字编写 标题宋体、三号加粗、居中、两字之间空四个空格 饮食作为人类生存的必要前提在人类社会的发展和文明进步中起着无可替代的作用。然而不同民族的饮食或饮食习惯却各不相同。这是由于不同的民族有着不同的文化。只有在各自的文化中,人们才能更好地理解其饮食内容和饮食习惯。本文通过中西方对饮食的不同理解的分析,阐述了深刻了解不同国家的饮食文化在跨文化交际中的重要性。通过对这些不同点的掌握,可增强我们跨文化交际的能力,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。 顶格、小四、宋体、“关键词:”加粗,其他不加粗 宋体、小四、空一行 关键词:价值观;特点;礼仪;中国饮食文化;西方饮食文化 (中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应,关键词3-5个,词与词之间用中文的分号隔开,最后一个关键词不需加标点;如需换行的,可用悬挂缩进或手工换行的方法,使第二行与上一行的第一个关键词对齐。) 页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、中英文摘要页码采用小写罗马数字编写 Times New Roman、三号加粗、居中 标题上下小四、宋体、各空一行 所有一级标题、小四、Times New Roman、加粗、顶格 Abstract.......................................................................................................................... i 摘 要....................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 2. Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture......................................... 1 所有二级标题、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、与一级标题的首字母对齐 2.1.1 Collective orientation................................................................................... 1 2.1.2 Collective orientation in Chinese food culture............................................... 2 2.2 Individualism in western food culture..................................................................... 2 2.2.1 Individualistic orientation............................................................................. 2 2.2.2 Individualistic orientation in western food culture.......................................... 3 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture..................................... 3 3.1 Extravagance in Chinese....................................................................................... 3 3.2 Simplicity in western food culture.......................................................................... 3 4. Different Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture..................................... 4 所有三级标题、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、与二级标题的首字母对齐 4.1.1 “M-time” and “P-time”................................................................................ 4 4.1.2 Lateness in Chinese food culture.................................................................. 4 4.1.3 Punctuality in western food culture............................................................... 5 4.2 Different seating arrangement................................................................................ 5 4.2.1 The south and north seating arrangement in Chinese food culture.................. 5 4.2.2 The right and left seating arrangement in western food culture....................... 6 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture.................................... 6 5.1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture............................................... 6 5.1.1 Liquor and tea in Chinese food culture......................................................... 6 5.1.2 The wine and beer in western countries........................................................ 7 目录页不参与页码编排 5.3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture................................ 8 5.3.1 Banquet course in China.............................................................................. 8 5.3.2 Banquet course in western food culture........................................................ 8 5.4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture........................................ 9 5.4.1 Chopsticks in Chinese food culture.............................................................. 9 5.4.2 Fork and knife in western food culture......................................................... 9 5.5 Different cuisine naming...................................................................................... 10 5.5.1 Cuisine naming in China............................................................................. 10 5.5.2 Cuisine naming in western food culture....................................................... 11 5.6 Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture....................... 11 5.6.1 Healthy conception in Chinese food culture................................................ 11 5.6.2 Healthy Conception in western food cultures.............................................. 12 6. Conclusion............................................................................................................... 13 Bibliography................................................................................................................ 14 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 15 注意: 目录一般编写到三级标题,三级以下标题不需在目录中体现;1.5倍行距 标题的大小写:既可以采用仅第一个单词首字母大写、其余小写(除专有名字外)的形式,也可以每一个实词首字母大写,但处于相同级别的标题大小写形式应保持一致,还需与正文的标题的大小写保持一致; 若标题太长占两行时,换行时应与上一行的首字母对齐; 标题与页码数字的连接号和页码数字不需加粗。 目录页不参与页码编排 所有一级标题、Times New Roman、三号加粗、顶格 宋体、小四、空一行 若标题后紧接着无下一级标题需空一行(宋体、小四);若有,则不空 正文、Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距、首行缩进4~5个字母的距离 The contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy. At the same time, the cultural communications become more important in the big distance between these two cultures. The distinction between cultural communications become more and more evident and the study of Chinese and Western food culture is an important part of it. Food is a special phenomenon, people having knowledge of food from one side of the study of different cultural backgrounds, customs and historical environment by study. We all know that different nations have different cultures. This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in Chinese and western countries. Chinese food culture in this thesis mainly refers to the one in the Han nationality. As we know, 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行(宋体、小四) 2. Different Values in Chinese and Western Food Culture 所有二级标题、Times New Roman、四号加粗、顶格 正文页码设置位于页脚区域、居中、采用阿拉伯数字编写 所有三级标题、Times New Roman、小四号加粗、顶格 注意文内夹注的格式 This collectivistic orientation also plays an important role in Chinese food culture. Normally, Chinese people would like to take the style of “sharing” when they have a dinner together, whether at home with family members or outside with friends. As Vera Y. N. Hsu describes, “The typical Chinese dining table is round or square. The ts’ai dishes are laid in the center, and each participant in the meal is equipped with a bowl of “fan”, a pair of chopsticks, a saucer, and a spoon. All at a table take from the ts’ai dishes as they proceed with the meal. Good eating manners require each participant take equally from the different ts’ai dishes, so that all will have an equal chance at all the dishes.” (Chang, 1977:304) When the dinner starts, the host usually shows a menu to guests asking them to order the dish they like before making the final decision. When a dinner comes to an end, participants always strive to pay the bill unless someone has claimed it in advance. The “truth of sharing” reflects almost everywhere from the dinner start to the end. 2.2 Individualism in western food culture 2.2.1 Individualistic orientation It is well known that Western food culture is characterized by the “separated’ style because of the great influence of the individualistic orientation. It is contrary to the “sharing” style in Chinese food culture in many ways. For example, westerners do not take the ts’ai dishes from the public plate, but have separate individual plates. The way of “going Dutch” is widely taken when the bill is to be paid, which means everyone pays his own share. The role of individualism in Western food culture is obvious and its influence is self-evident. 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行(宋体、小四) 3. Different Features in Chinese and Western Food Culture Chinese food culture is probably much older than any other kind of food cultures. Few cultures are as food oriented as Chinese culture. The most common example is the greeting used among Chinese people when they encounter: “Have you eaten?” food plays so important a role in people’s daily life that it inevitably becomes an ostentatious way because of face (or “mianzi” in Face in 3.2 Simplicity in western food culture Compared with extravagant banquets in 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行(宋体、小四) 4. Different Etiquette in Chinese and Western Food Culture 4.1 Different time-conceptions in Chinese and western food culture Edward T. Hall, who is well known for his discussion of time across cultures, proposes that cultures organize time in one of two ways: either monochronic (M-time) or polychronic (P-time) (Hall, 1989:46). He also points out that M-time is the characteristic of people from western countries, while P-time is the characteristic of people from Asia, Africa and Latin America (毕继万,1999:93). The two conceptions are incompatible. We can see the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time from the lateness in Chinese food culture and the punctuality in western food culture. People in the P-time cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. Therefore, in these cultures, personal interaction and relationship developments are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadline. However, this conception changes sometimes. With the development of cross-cultural communication, more and more Chinese people, especially the young, are gradually influenced by the M-time in western countries. Unlike Chinese people, people in M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people should take it seriously. Usually, everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal meeting or banquet. It is also acceptable that people can be a little late sometimes, but no more than 10 minutes, otherwise this behavior will be regarded as inappropriate by both the host and other guests, and one will have to give a proper explanation. The one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously in M-time culture. 4.2 Different seating arrangement Samovar pointed out that “Culture influences even the manner and meaning in seating arrangement”. So seating arrangement is an important means of giving different explanations on social status or interpersonal relations. With regard to seating arrangement in a banquet, there exist some major distinctive disparities between Chinese and Western food culture. In In Western countries, the seating arrangement is quite different. In the past, the most distinguished guest was seated on the left side of the host. The reason is that in ancient times there were many assassinations for political and social reasons, and assassins held daggers in their right hands to attack. It was convenient and easier for the host to protect the guest who was on his left hand when the assassin attacked. However, with the development of civilization, this old style of assassination has been extinct for a long time and the seating arrangement also changed. Nowadays, what Westerners are most concerned about is the perspective of psychological need instead of physical security when they arrange seats in a banquet. The result is that the seat at the right side of the host is more honorable than the one on the left side in the widely recognized rule. 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行(宋体、小四) 5. Different Consents in Chinese and Western Food Culture 5.1 Different drink in Chinese and western food culture Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in There are many kinds of tea and liquor in Chinese people always drink beer in hot summer and liquor in winter. Liquor has thousands of year’s history in The grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm. In 5.2 Different main food in Chinese and western food culture Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southern and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as coarse cereals. The Han nationality’s staple foods have colorful and various cooking methods and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products. Nowadays, the northeast regions in Meat, milk and bread are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of soup, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can often see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. 5.3 Different banquet course in Chinese and western food culture Generally speaking, a formal banquet in A formal banquet in western countries usually comprises four major courses, including soup, a subsidiary dish, a main dish and dessert. Soup is the first course, probably because westerners want to refresh themselves with some soup before the meal, and taking soup will help to whet their appetites. The subsidiary dish is the second course. It is usually composed of various types of fish for fish is easy to digest. The main dish is a heavy weight in a Western banquet, and it is often composed of meat, especially beef sticks or fish together with vegetables. Salad, which is composed of lettuce, tomato, cucumber and asparagus etc. dessert come lastly. Western dessert includes all food after the main dish, such as cakes, biscuits, cheese, pies, pudding, fruits, ice cream etc. Sometimes, people drink coffee or tea with sugar and milk while they have dessert. 5.4 Different tableware in Chinese and western food culture In The application of chopsticks as the chief tableware can be traced back as early as the Shang and Chou periods, although hands were probably used more often than chopsticks (Chang, 1977:35). When Chinese people use chopsticks, they usually appear to be cultivated and their attitudes toward food are gentle and kind. Roland Barthes, a famous French literary critic, once talked about the usage of chopsticks, and he remarked that unlike fork and knife, chopsticks were not used to cut, poke or stab food. Therefore, “food was no longer the prey suffering the human beings’ violence but turned out to be the substance passed harmoniously through them.” (刘承华, 2002:74) In this sense, chopsticks are the gentle medium between man and food, and they reflect the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Many Westerners think that people are dominant over nature. Quite different from Compared with chopsticks, it is not exaggerating at all to say that knife and fork represent the violence and cruelty to food without any concealment. The way of eating in western countries actually reflects human’s conquest over nature. Cuisine naming in The feature of cuisine naming in Western countries is straightforward, which is similar to the first cuisine naming method in 5.6 Different healthy conceptions in Chinese and western food culture Chinese food and drink usually contains little sugar, which will not lead to getting fat. But there are more and more fat people in Nutrition and balance are greatly cared for by westerners when they have a meal. An interesting phenomenon in western countries is the nutritional information on the food label, by which people’s concern about nutrition is clearly reflected. A look at information like the number of calories per serving, grams of fat, sodium, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. In addition, the balance in diet structure is also essential to Westerners. Nowadays, more and more westerners are starting to worry about their weight for their diet containing too many calories. This is evident in menus in many restaurants offering “low calorie” or “weight watchers” meal. The vegetable and fruit salad served to westerners all year around because they have low calories and high vitamin. In conclusion, it is by the influence of pragmatism that westerners are inclined to take the food into consideration basically from the nutritional perspective. In their eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep health and thus what the westerners care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole structure. When they have a meal, they use separate plates for each other, which usefully guard against the probability infection. 第一级标题内容结束后、展开下一级内容之前需空一行(宋体、小四)。 注意:此处特殊。论文中很少出现标题单独处于页面最后一行的现象,为避免此现象,一般采取整体下一页面的方式。
若一级标题紧接着无下一级标题需空一行(宋体、小四) By comparison and analysis we have made so far, one conclusion may be drawn that Chinese and Western food culture reflect each other’s cultures with their own unique features. They are neither superior nor inferior to the other and should deserve the same respect from each other. Certainly, for the process of globalization, Chinese and Western food cultures do not exist in isolation. It is well known that globalization has been becoming an inevitable trend around the world and an inexorable force to influence people’s life in almost every aspect. In other words, the wheel of human history has moved as inexorably forward from isolation to integration. Due to the open policy, Chinese people and Chinese culture have more and more chances of contact with foreigners and foreign cultures. People of different cultures can learn from each other. When Chinese culture is learning or adopting something new or different from foreign cultures, we should remember that Chinese culture is also being learnt and adopted by them at the same time. A good case in point is that, nowadays, more and more people , especially the young people, have been fond of the typical western fast food like KFC or Macdonald’s, while on the other hand, more and more Chinese foods have been welcomed by foreigners, and it is said that where there are people, there are Chinese restaurants. In a word, Chinese and Western food culture will develop together by the cross-cultural communication. 正文、Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距 Times New Roman、三号加粗、居中 标题上下小四、宋体、各空一行 [1] Chang, K. C. Food in Chinese Culture: Anthropological and Historical Perspective [M]. [2] Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W.J. Foundations of Intercultural Communication [M]. [3] Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture [M]. [4] Neuliep, J. W. Intercultural Communication: A Context Approach [M]. [5] Samovar, L. A. & Porter R. E. Intercultural Communication: A Reader [M]. [6] Samovar, L. A., Porter R. E. & Stefani L. A. Communication Between Cultures [M]. [7] Wang Fengxin. The Cultural Implication of the Chinese Cuisine Naming [M]. [8] 毕继万. 跨文化非语言交际 [M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社,1999: 93 [9] 贾玉新. 跨文化交际学 [M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1995: 59 [10] 李争平. 中国酒文化[M].上海: 时事出版社 2006: 203 [11] 刘承华. 文化与人格——对中西文化差异的一次比较 [M]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社, 2002: 74 [12] 王仁湘. 中国饮食的历史与文化[M]. 山东:山东画报出版社,2004: 16 [13] 姚国坤, 王存礼. 图说中国茶[M]. 上海: 上海文化出版社,2006: 8 [14] 赵国梁.中西饮食文化之比较[OL]. http://www./cywh/yswh/ 200608/22.html, [15] 周湘萍.中西饮食文化差异与中餐菜单的英译[OL]. http://www./A-bflc 2003 02028.html, 正文、Times New Roman、小四、1.5倍行距、首行缩进4~5个字母的距离 Times New Roman、三号加粗、居中 标题上下小四、宋体、各空一行 The thesis has been completed. I want to express my gratitude to my tutor *******. I received Mr. Zhang’s instruction in the writing of the thesis many times. I appreciate the tutor’s concentrated guidance and help not only in the selection of my title, required materials of the thesis, but also in the research writing. I can say that it is very difficult to have completed the thesis without his guidance. I wish to take this opportunity to express the hearty thanks to his advice. I want to express sincere gratitude to teachers and friends who cared about and supported my thesis. Here, I appreciate my classmates who helped out with my thesis. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Zhang again for his careful instruction of my thesis. |
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