在英语书面表达中,不同的思想内容要用不同的句式来表达;而同一思想内容也可以用不同的句式来表达。句式不同,表达效果也就不同。只有使用多种句式,文章才会生动有趣。如果过多地用简单句,就会使人感到单调乏味。恰当地使用某些方法或手段,有助于表达形式的多样化,可以增强表达效果。下面介绍几种常用的方法。
一 . 句子开头多样化。 许多同学习惯用表示人的名词或代词作为句子的主语开头,如 people,we,I,he,they,she 等。但这些词作为句子开头,用得多了,难免显得单调。为了使文章更加生动活泼,除了用主语开头外,还可以用句子的其他成分开头。
1. 用状语开头。从词性上看,作状语的可以是副词(短语),介词短语,分词短语或动词不定式短语。 A. 用副词(短语)开头: Too often,he stays up reading until midnight. B. 用介词短语开头: To me the news was very interesting,but to my wife very boring. C. 用分词短语开头: Disturbed by the discord of American life in recent decades,Manchester took flight for the Pacific islands. D. 用不定式短语开头: To pass the exam,you should work very hard. 2. 用同位语开头: Air,water and food,everything is necessary for life. 3. 用表语开头: Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language is intense interest plus persistent effort. 4. 用宾语开头: My advice you would not listen to;my help you laughed at. Now you will have what you asked for. 二 . 巧用连接词。 有的学生在写作中过多地使用 so,and,then,but,or,however,yet 等并列连词,这样做,可能会使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象,我们应该灵活地运用从属连接词,如 who,which,that,because,since,although,after,as,before,when,whenever,if,unless,as if 等。这样做不仅可以使句式多样化,而且还能够把思想表达得更加清楚,句子的意思更加连贯。例如:
Natural resources are very limited. They will be exhausted in the near future. It is not true. But it becomes a major concern around the world. This is a widely accepted fact. 这段文字由简单句组成,它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清,意义支离破碎。如果使用连接词,将前后单句合并,形成主次关系,就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得比较清楚,而且使结构也更加严谨。如上句段文字可以改写成: It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion of limited natural resources in the near future,though it is unlikely to be true. 再如: The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world,and in springtime it often overflows its banks,and the lives of many people are endangered. 此句用 and 把三个分句一贯到底,显得乏味。如果把句子合并成复合句,语义就会更加连贯,语言也会更加流畅: The Mississippi River,which is one of the longest rivers in the world,often overflows its banks in springtime,endangering the lives of many people. 三 . 长短句结合使用。 长句和短句有各自的优点和缺点。长句,因为使用的定语、状语较多,限制了概念的外延,增加了概念的内涵,所以比较精确、严密,但用起来不够活泼简便。短句,由于词数少,直截了当,一般比较简洁、明快、有力,但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在实际写作中,最好长短句结合使用。例如:
( 1 ) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. ( 2 ) There are many trees along the streets. ( 3 ) There is a clean river in the city. ( 4 ) There are many fish in the river. ( 5 ) There are willow trees on one side. ( 6 ) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. ( 7 ) There are many flowers on them. 文中 7 个句子都是简单句,句子结构单一(连用几个There be句型),而且句子长短大体相同,十分单调。下面是修改后的段落: ( 1 ) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener. ( 2 ) Green trees line the streets. ( 3 ) A clean river, in which fish are abound, winds through the city. ( 4 ) On one side stand rows of willow trees. ( 5 ) On the other side lies a stretch of grass with many yellow and red flowers. 改写后的这段文字,有长句( 1 )、( 3 )、( 5 ),也有短句( 2 )和( 4 ),不仅文章句式有变化,读起来有节奏感,而且,这样使文章流畅自然,生动活泼。 总之,英语句式的变化是多种多样的,只要从要表达的内容出发,合理选用各种句式,就能写出很好的文章。 |
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