语法复习精要

jimfrost 2013-04-15

展开全文

Ⅰ 冠词

1. 有关类指

A horse is a domestic animal. (侧重任何一个的特点)

The horse is a domestic animal. (指整个类别,区别于别类)

Horses are domestic animals. (侧重许多个体)

三类各有侧重,如以下句子:

Do you like horses? (不能说Do you like a horse?)

The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. (不能说A tiger is in… )

2. 某些物质名词或抽象名词，表“一类（种、份、场、阵等）”

That’s a green tea. (一种绿茶)

Two coffees 两份咖啡

3. 单数可数名词前不用 a (n)

1) 连系动词turn 后。 After graduation from college he turned teacher (beccme a teacher).

2) Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.

3) Man为“人类”、word 为“消息”解时。

Word came that the Chinese Women Football Team won the second prize in World Cup.

Ⅱ 代词

A．反身代词

含反身代词（oneself）的惯用语：

by oneself (=alone) for oneself 为自己，亲自 of oneself 自动地

be oneself 处于正常状态 enjoy oneself seat oneself = sit

dress oneself in 穿着 help oneself to come to oneself 苏醒

make oneself at home (不要客气) devote oneself to

find oneself in/at 发觉自己来到…

B．不定代词

1．语法特征：

1） every和 no 只作形容词，不作代词

2）复合不定代词作主语时，谓语用单数。其他不定代词亦可作形容词(none不能)

3）复合不定代词不可接of短语，但分开写的some one 等可接。

2． No one, none,nothing之区别

1） no one单独用只指人。

2） none一般与of连用，指人或物，强调数的概念。

3） nothing与none不同。看例句：When I return to my share of apples, I found none left. 用none表一个苹果也没有了，如用nothing则表什么都没了，连其他东西也没了。

3．部分否定。Any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词不能用否定式。即可说not … any 不能说 any … not。

× Anything cannot stop him going there. √ Nothing can stop him going there.

Ⅲ 形容词和副词

1．这类题中以考比较级和最高级为多数，并考查在具体语境中词义辨析。

2．关于倍数的三个句型：

① … times as +形原+ as … ( 3 times as big as …)

② … times the + 性质名词 + of … ( 3 times the size of …)

③ … times 形比 + than … ( 3 times bigger than …)

另两种说法：

The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times that of 2000.

The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times what it was in 2000.

3．比较结构中的省略现象

Tom’s composition, if not better (省了than Jack’s), is at least as good as Jack’s.

The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good. ( 省了as the ones in this shop)

4. 作后置定语的几种情况

1）修饰复合不定代词的形容词

2）当“形+介/不定式”的短语作定语时

The man carried a bag full of rice on his back.

3）两个形容词用“both…and…” “and”及“or”或“so”连接在一起作定语

4）当old, long, high, wide, deep等附有数词短语作定语时

At that time she was only a girl five years old.

5. 表语形容词

1）常见的a-形容词及well, sorry, unable, worth, sure等不作前置定语，可作补语（表语）。如：We found the snake still alive.

2）但afraid, alive, alone, awake等可作后置定语。

3）以a-开头的形容词不可直接用very来修饰。如：very much alone, fast asleep

6. 以下形容词用表语时，主语通常是“事”而不是“人”。

(im)possible, (un)necessary, (im)probable, (in)convenient

It is probable to rain today. × (It指天气)

It is likely to rain today. √

但可说He is impossible to teach. 即不定式动词与主语存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时，句子才正确。

Ⅳ 介词

1．方位介词：（图解）

2． with, by, in译为“用”

1）使用语言、原料、材料用in；

2）表“用…方法/式”时，所用介词分别为：

in this/that/the same … way

by this/that … means by means of

with this/that … method

3． about, on, of表“关于”

about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。

on侧重阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。在与tell, read, know, think等动词连用时，of侧重粗略涉及，about涉及的情况则详细得多。

4． Besides, except与but用于否定句时可相互替换。

Ⅴ 时态和语态

1．这类题从“结构主意”转向了“情景立意”，体现了“知识立意”向“能力立意”命制原则。

2．短语动词在被动结构中，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

3．主动形式表被动

1）表状态特征的联系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形/名构成的系表结构，如：The steel feels cold.

2）表开始、结束、运动的动词：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move。如：The shop closes at 6 pm. every day.

3）表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat。如：The door won’t lock. / This knife cuts well.(刀很快)

4）少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表被动含义。如print, built, cook, fry, hang, make。 The books are printing. (书在排印中)

5）介词in, on, under + 名词构成的介词短语表被动。如： The question is under discussion. (= The question is being discussed.)

Ⅵ 非谓语动词

1．非谓语动词的用法系统性、综合性强。要具备以下知识：

① 句子结构：分清简单句与复合句；陈述句与祈使句。

② 五种基本句型：分清双宾语和复合宾语

③ 动词：分清及物和不及物，双宾动词和复合动词

2．解题思路：确定设空处在句中的功能；找相关逻辑主语，确定主、被动关系；找相关时间信息；填入句中字从意顺。

3．定式：

1）作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式即可用主动也可用被动，但含义略有不同。

①Have you anything to send? (send的执行者是you)

②Have you anything to be sent? (be sent的执行者是“我”或“别人”)

2）不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动，被认为形容词后省去了for sb. 如：This book is difficult to understand.

3）在there be结构中，说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时，不定式用主动；如说话人强调事情本身须完成，则用被动。如：There is nothing to do.(无事可做，感到乏味) There is nothing to be done. (某物坏了，无法使之恢复)

4）在省略的不定式中含有be, have, been则须保留。

-- Are you on holiday? -- No, but I’d like to be.

4． -ing形式和过去分词：

1）几个动词的用法：allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth. (sb to do)

2）有些分词短语，其形式不受上下文影响，称作独立成分。如：

Generally (Frankly) speaking, … 一般地（坦白地）说…

Judging from, … 根据……来判断

Considering, … 考虑到……

To tell you the truth, … 说实话。

3）三种形式作定语。

① 过去分词表动作或是在谓语动作前，或没时间性。如：

He is a man loved and respected by all.

② 现在分词被动式作定语表动作正在发生或谓语动作同时。如：

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

③ 不定式的被动表未来的动作。如：

The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is very important one.

④ Leave后的三种形式作宾补。

Leave sb. Doing sth. 让某人一直做某事

Leave sth. Undone 留下某事未做（undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched）

Leave sth to be done 留下某事要做

Leave sb. To do sth. 留下某人做某事

Ⅶ 情态动词和虚拟语气

⒈ 不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，角度细微化、综合化。

⒉ 表推测的情态动词层次比较：

词形	肯定	否定	疑问
Must	必定（然）	/	/
Will	很可能，大概	不会（该）	会…吗？
Would	可能性比will小	语气比won’t弱	语气will弱
Should	确定或可能有的未来或期待	/	/
Ought to	总该、理应（同should）	/	/
Can	/	不可能	有可能吗？
Could	可疑的可能	不可能	/
May	或许、也许、也不可知	可能不	/
might	比may还弱	比may not弱	/

⒊　may表祝愿。May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。

⒋　Why/How + should结构表说话人对某事不理解。译为“竟会”。

⒌ shall用于第一、三人称疑问句，表说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示。如：

　　Shall the driver wait outside? 让司机在外面等着。

　Shall用于第二、三人称陈述句，表说话人经对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：

　　You shall go with me. (命令)

　　He should be punished. (威胁)

⒍　注意“宁愿做某事”的结构。

　　① would rather do sth.

　　② would rather do sth. Than do sth.

　　③ would do sth. Rather than do sth.

　　④ would rather sb. Did sth.

　　⑤ prefer to do sth.

　　⑥ prefer to do sth. Rather than do sth.

　　⑦ prefer doing sth. To doing sth.

⒎ would和used to：① 表重复的习惯，可替换；② used to强调过去同现在对比；③ would则单纯表过去习惯。

⒏　一些惯用法：

　　１） cannot … too(enough) 无论……也不（过分）

　　２） cannot but + do sth. 表“不得不，只好”

　　３） may well + 动词原形表“完全可能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to

may as well + 动词原形表“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better

You may as well tell me the truth. 你还是告诉我真相为好。

⒐　含蓄条件

　　I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.

⒑ 口语中，虚拟语气的省略。常只保留助动词、情态动词或第动词

Ⅷ 形容词从句和名词从句

1．历年考试热点依次为：定语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。解题时，要通读全句，再看句型；若题干为疑问句则先还原为陈述语序；注意标点和并列连词。

2．非限制性定语从句中“介+关系代词”的从句，介词不后移。

3．在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词的不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：This is the pen which I’m looking for. 不能说：… for which I’m looking.

4．名词性关系从句：是先行词与其后的定语从句的结合。What是这类从句的关系代词，此时what = the thing(s) which，另有：whoever = anyone who; whichever（也可指人） = anything which等。Whichever和whatever也可作定语。

Whoever did this job must be rewarded. (主语)

I’ll show you whatever you want to see. (直宾)

She’ll give whoever needs help a warm support. (间宾)

She walked up to where he stood. (介宾)

This is where our problem lies. (表语)

We’ll make him whatever he is fit for. (宾补)

I gave the girl a big doll, that is to say, exactly what she longed to have. (同位语)

5． That的省略。以下情况不可省：定语从句中作主语；主语从句中，that在句首时；当一个句子中有两个或多个并列从句时，引导第二及以后几个从句的that不能省；由it作形式宾语时，that引导宾语从句不省。

6． Whether, if和who(m)不能引导名词性关系从句；带-ever的词不能引导疑问从句；what则均可。

Give me what you have in your hand. (名词性关系从句)

You can ask what he has in his hand. (疑问从句)

Ⅸ 副词性从句

⒈　间状语从句

1） when, while和as: ①while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主从句动作的对比。②如主句表短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.