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详细解析“检验美高中生英文水平的100词” (如果当时爱下去)

 桐城知书 2013-08-25
详细解析“检验美高中生英文水平的100词”
送交者: 如果当时爱下去[太守★☆] 于 2013-08-21 4:09 已读 2624 次 @如果当时爱下去@的微博 

传说的“检验美国高中生水平的100个单词”

已经第二次看到这个“检验美国高中生英文水平的100个单词”了,据说是 The American Heritage Dictionary 的编辑们精心编辑的,他们认为“这100个单词对于高中毕业生来说,虽然无法做到完全翔实地反映语言水平,但仍然是一个很好的评判标准”,主编 Steven Kleinedler 说:“我们选择的单词,如果你知道如何正确运用,那么你将在语言方面没有问题”。

需要说明的是,这个最早的出处地址我还没找到,无法判断其说法是否准确。

abjure

abrogate

abstemious

acumen

antebellum

auspicious

belie

bellicose

bowdlerize

chicanery

chromosome

churlish

circumlocution

circumnavigate

deciduous

deleterious

diffident

enervate

enfranchise

epiphany

equinox

euro

evanescent

expurgate

facetious

fatuous

feckless

fiduciary

filibuster

gamete

gauche

gerrymander

hegemony

hemoglobin

homogeneous

hubris

hypotenuse

impeach

incognito

incontrovertible

inculcate

infrastructure

interpolate

irony

jejune

kinetic

kowtow

laissez faire

lexicon

loquacious

lugubrious

metamorphosis

mitosis

moiety

nanotechnology

nihilism

nomenclature

nonsectarian

notarize

obsequious

oligarchy

omnipotent

orthography

oxidize

parabola

paradigm

parameter

pecuniary

photosynthesis

plagiarize

plasma

polymer

precipitous

quasar

quotidian

recapitulate

reciprocal

reparation

respiration

sanguine

soliloquy

subjugate

suffragist

supercilious

tautology

taxonomy

tectonic

tempestuous

thermodynanics

totalitarian

unctuous

usurp

vacuous

vehement

vortex

winnow

wrought

xenophobe

yeoman

ziggurat

希望在看过解析版后,最少能认识第一个词。

把kowtow作为第一个词,也是给大家增加信心的。

尽管只有100个词,但仍然可以找到最少15组同源词,也有含相同构词成分(如后缀-ous, -ate 等)的不少词。

词源解词必然会涉及音变知识,因前边博文里已经有这方面的内容,故涉及音变的主要在“点”。

1. kowtow/?kau?tau; ka?ˋta?/(来自汉语的koutou)

v . ~ (to sb/sth) to show sb in authority too much respect and be too willing to obey them 叩头;磕头;卑躬屈膝;唯命是从

We will not kowtow to the government.

Europe/?ju?r?p US ?jur-/(在来源上不确定,传统上一直同Europa“欧罗巴”联系在一起:腓尼基王Agenor阿革诺耳的女儿,被宙斯化作白牛劫到克里特,生下三个儿子。eur=eury宽,op脸,眼,Europa表示宽阔的脸庞、宽额或大眼睛的,作为欧洲大陆,本身的意思为“西”方或“日落”的地方→)

n. 欧洲

European/ju?r??p??n; ?j?r?ˋpi?n/(Europe欧洲,-an…的,属于)

a. 欧洲的,欧洲人的

n. 欧洲人

2. euro/ju?r?u/(来自Eurocurrency的缩写和变化,curr跑→移动→流动,-ency 名词后缀;不断流动的东西→currency 货币;通行,流行)

n. a unit of money that can be used in most countries of the European Union 欧元

Prices are given in pounds and euros.

nanometer 其实是“(矮)小”“米”, meter 是“米”,音译“纳米”,nano代表“纳”,指的是10-9数量级(one billionth),当然是很“小”了,nano中的o是连接字母,故nan代表“小”,而在普通词汇中,nan 代表 little old woman,nun与nan比较,仅是元音字母发生变化。

nun/n?n; n?n/(来自后期拉丁语 nonna ‘an old woman’)


n. 修女,尼姑

3. nanotechnology/?n?n?utek?n?l?d?i US -noutek?nɑ?-/(nano代表nanometer,technology技术,即:any technology on the scale of nanometers →)

n. 纳米技术

Despite the growing pains, many experts say nanotechnology is catching on much faster than they had expected.

technology, text 还有toilet都是简单词,它们都与一个词根tect同源。

text, techn, tect 编织,编造,造

印欧词根形式为*teks-,techn, tecton均为带后缀的形式。

architect里的tect其实是来自希腊语的tekton “木匠,建造者,制造者”,tect造→带后缀的形式tecton.

4. tectonic/tek'tɑn?k/(tect造→带后缀的形式tecton木匠,建造者,制造者,-ic形容词后缀;属于和建造者、建筑有关的→)

a. 1. of or pertaining to building or construction; constructive; architectural 建筑(学)的;构造的;

2. (geology) connected with the structure of the earth's surface 【地质学】地壳构造的

...the tectonic plates of the Pacific region which are separating from the East Pacific Ridge.

tauto看起来是不是有些怪异?其实它来自希腊语 to auto ,其中的to 是中性定冠词,意思是the,也与the同源。auto是“自己,自身”,tauto就是the same

dialogue 是两个人之间的“对话”,词根为log,还有apology里的log。lecture等含同源词根。

印欧词根*leg-“收集,说”对应lex“说”。

希腊语λογο? (logos )表示:

1. 话,话语;

2. 谈话,对话;

3. 字,词;

4. 话题,主题;

5. 原理,原则,准则,规律。

-logy 表示:

1. …学,…论;2. 说话,语词

所以不要仅限于知道 -ology 是“…学”,要知道 -o- + -logy = -ology,而-logy 与词根lect等紧密联系着。

也要明白为什么把nanotechnology, tautology, lexicon 要放在一起?

5. tautology/t???t?l?d??; t?ˋtɑl?d??/(tauto相同的,-logy说话,语词)

n. a statement in which you say the same thing twice in different words, when this is unnecessary, for example 'They spoke in turn, one after the other.' 同义反复;赘述

'The money should be adequate enough' is an example of tautology.

6. lexicon/ ?leks?k?n; US -k?n; ˋl?ks?kɑn/(lex(is) 说话,措辞,词语,-ic 形容词后缀,对应希腊语的-ikos,lexicon来自希腊语lexikos的中性,即最后的-on属于语法变化带来的;属于词语的→)

n. 1. technical all the words and phrases used in a language or that a particular person knows (某语言或学科、某人或群体使用的)全部词汇

2. a list of words on a particular subject or in a language in alphabetical order(某学科或语言的)词汇表

3. a dictionary, especially one of an ancient language, such as Greek or Hebrew(尤指希腊语或希伯来语等古代语言的)词典, 字典

Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon.

a cute little baby 里的cute来自acute,包括acid 在内,都含有词根:

ac 尖

印欧词根形式为*ak-。

7. acumen/??kjumen/(ac尖→带后缀的形式acu削尖,变锋利,敏锐,-men 名词后缀;理解、判断等尖锐、敏锐→)

n. [U] the ability to understand and judge things quickly and clearly 敏锐; 精明; 聪明

The firm's success is largely due to Brannon's commercial acumen.

化学符号O大家都知道吧?很多酸中都含有“氧”,Antonie Laurent Lavoisier当初认为氧存在于所有酸中,oxygen的字面意思是“产生(gen)酸(oxy)的物质”,酸acid的词根ac与氧oxygen里的oxy为同源词根

oxide/??ksa?d; ˋɑksa?d/(来自法语oxygene=oxygen + acide=acid,氧和另一种元素或基团的化合物→)n. 氧化物

8. oxidize/??ks?da?z/(oxide=oxide,-ize treat or combine with使与…结合)

vt. (technical) to combine or to make sth combine with OXYGEN, especially when this causes metal to become covered with RUST(使)氧化;(使)生锈(因氧化而形成)

Aluminium is rapidly oxidized in air.

The original white lead pigments have oxidized and turned black.

university里有vers。

advertise即“做广告”就是要使注意力“转向”某事。

Converse(匡威)这个品牌取自于创办人Marquis M. Converse先生的姓氏,

Converse即康弗斯,含义是“皈依者(convert)”,就是完全(con-)虔诚地“转”(vers)向某一宗教组织,词根vers 和vert 都是“转”。

9. incontrovertible/???k?ntr??v??t?bl/(in- 不,contro-=contra- 反对,vert转,controvert转向相反→持有相反的观点→反驳,就…展开争论;-ible可…的;不可反驳的→)

a. definitely true and impossible to be proved false 无可争辩的,不容置疑的,无可辩驳的

There is now incontrovertible evidence that the government is violating the agreement.

10. vortex/?v??teks; ˋv?rt?ks/(是vertex的变体,即vort=vert转,-ex名词后缀;风、水等旋转得很快形成的→)

n. (pl 复数作 ~es 或 -tices / -t?si?z; -t??siz/)

1. (technical) a mass of air, water, etc. that spins around very fast and pulls things into its centre(风或水形成的)旋风,旋涡

2. (literary) a very powerful feeling, force or situation that you cannot avoid or escape from: (感情或局势的)旋涡

I was sucked into a vortex of despair.

want 除了“要”,还有“缺乏,缺少”的意思,词根wan就表示“缺”,“缺”失了就有“空”。

wan(t), van, vain, vac 空,缺

印欧词根形式为*(e)wa-n-“离开,离弃,用完,耗尽”,所以派生词的意思为“被离弃的,缺乏的,空的”。词根为vac, wan 等是 wa, va 等带后缀或扩展的形式。

记得有人区分不了vacation和vocation,其实二者最大的区别在词根,词根vac 是“空,缺”,空出的一段时间就是vacation。

11. vacuous/?v?kju?s/(vac空,u=-uus 形容词后缀,vacu就是拉丁语vacuus空的,-ous有…特性的;头脑里空的→)

a. (formal) showing no sign of intelligence or sensitive feelings 无知的;空洞的; 无意义的

a vacuous remark/question/expression/smile

Male models are not always so vacuous as they are made out to be.

vanish 中的也是van空,当然还有vain:

12. evanescent/?i?v??nesnt; US ?ev-; ??v?ˋn?snt/(e- out, van 空,-esce开始,-ent形容词后缀;开始变空即消失的→)

a. (literary) disappearing quickly from sight or memory: (fml 文) 瞬间即逝的;迅速遗忘的

Talk is evanescent, writing leaves footprints.

“完全(con-)”“信任(fid)”别人或自己的才是confident“自信的”和“确信的”,因为“信任”才有了fiancé(未婚夫)和fiancée(未婚妻),当然还有faith。

Fidius 是罗马信用之神。

fid, fed, faith 信任

13. diffident/?d?f?d?nt; ˋd?f?d?nt/(dif-=dis- ‘away’ 分离,缺乏,fid信任,-ent形容词后缀;缺乏对自己信任的→)

a. ~ (about sth) not having much confidence in yourself; not wanting to talk about yourself 缺乏自信的;胆怯的;羞怯的

You shouldn't be so diffident about your achievements - you've done really well!

14. fiduciary/f??dju?.?i.?.ri/(fid信任→拉丁语fiduci(a)信任、信赖,-ary与…有关的(人))

a. relating to the responsibility to look after someone else's money in a correct way:信托的;信用的;(尤指)受信托的,受信托的

n. Fiduciary is used to talk about things which relate to a trust, or to the people who are in charge of a trust.(尤指财产)受信托人(或公司)

They have a case against their directors for breach of fiduciary duty.

中古英语里,head的拼写是heved,古英语的拼写是heafod, 古高地德语是houpit, 现代德语是Haupt。

Capital是“首都”,而词根capit就是“头”,它与head的同源关系能看出来吗?

15. precipitous/pr??s?p?t?s; pr?ˋs?p?t?s/(pre-前,cipit头,-ous有…特性的;头向前即头向下扔、抛下的、头朝下摔下去的地方的→)

a. 1. very steep, high and often dangerous: 险峻的; 陡峭的

2. sudden and great 突然的,骤然的,急剧的

3. done very quickly, without enough thought or care 草率的,仓促的,贸然的

The stock market's precipitous drop frightened foreign investors.

a precipitous marriage.

capitulate/ k??p?t?ule?t; k?ˋp?t???let/(capit头,-ul=-ule 小,capitul 小头→章,节,题头或标题;-ate使形成;使形成即起草投降协议的章节→)

v. ~ (to sb/sth) 1. 屈服,屈从;2. 投降

16. recapitulate/?ri?k??p?t?ule?t; ?rik?ˋp?t???let/(re- 再,capit 头,-ul=-ule 小,capitul 小头→章,节,-ate使形成;再以章或节叙述→再次重复要点→)

v. (formal) ~ (on sth) ~ sth to repeat or give a summary of what has already been said, decided, etc: 扼要重述;概括

Let's just recapitulate the essential points.

Let me just recapitulate (on) what we've agreed so far.

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