|
主谓一致的语法一致原则
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，动词用复数形式：
Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
Her job is teaching French. 他的工作是教法语。
注意事项：
1. 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语
主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except，besides，including，in addition to，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。
The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。
The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道，也学会了开汽车。
A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。
2. 由as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等连接的并连主语
谓语动词通常与前面一个主语保持一致：
The teacher as well as the students has read it 不仅学生读过它，老师也读过。
The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受责备的是老师而不是学生。
3.由and和both...and连接的并列主语
如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。
My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。
Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。
注：(1) 当由and连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no的修饰时，谓语用单数：
Every boy and (every) girl likes the book. 每个男孩女孩都喜欢这本书。
No desk and (no) chair was seen in the room. 房间里不见桌椅。
(2) 当and连接两个数相加时，谓语动词可用单数或复数：
Six and eight makes [make] fourteen. 六加八等于十四。
(3) 当and连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时，谓语通常要用单数：
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处看见一辆马车。
【例】A library wit five thousand books __________ to the nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
【分析】此题应选A。用连词and连接的两个并列主语，其谓语要用复数，但是若主语后跟有with，like，but，except，besides，including，together with，along with，as well as，more than，no less than，rather than等连接的另一个名词，其谓通常要与前面一个主语保持一致：
4. 不定式（短语）， 动名词（短语）， 或从句作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。 如：
Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福。
When we'll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
5. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时， 谓语动词用单数。
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳。
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席。
Each man and （each） woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
6. each of + 复数代词， 谓语动词用单数。 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数。如：
Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
7. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数， 但它的谓语动词仍用单数 (即遵循语法一致的原则) 。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时， 谓语动词仍用复数。 如：
Many a child was playing there. 很多小孩在那儿玩。
More than one student has failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试未及格。
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球。
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
8. none 做主语时，谓语动词可用单数， 也可用复数； 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数，因而谓语动词要用单数。 如：
None of us are （is） perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
9. 名词如： trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时， 谓语动词必须用复数。 如：
His clothes are good.
注意;（1）这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数。如：
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
（2）means作主语
名词means(方法)单数与复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定(尤其注意其前的修饰语)：
These means are very good. 这些方法很好。
Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。
若没有特定的修饰语或语境，则用单数或复数谓语均可：
There is [are] no good means. 没有好的方法。
Are [Is] there any other means of doing it? 做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
10. 形复意单名词如：news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如： physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如： the United States; 报纸名如： the New Times; 书名如： Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时， 谓语动词用单数。
11. ”a +名词+and a half “， ”one and a half + 名词“， ”the number of + 名词“ 等作主语时， 谓语动词要用单数。 如：
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意： one or two + 复数名词作主语， 谓语动词用复数形式， 如：
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
主谓一致的内容一致原则
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等， 以及”分数或百分数+名词“做主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词。如：
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组， 如：part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时， 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数。如：
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数。如：
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间， 金钱， 距离， 度量等的名词做主语时， 尽管是复数形式， 它们做为一个单一的概念时， 其谓语动词用单数。如：
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5. （1） 通常作复数的集体名词。
police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数：
The police were after him. 察正在追捕他。
People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。
Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。
注：goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义：
Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。
All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。
（2）只用作单数的不可数集合名词
clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式：
Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。
The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。
All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。
（3）既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词
family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义：
Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。
Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。
The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。
The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。
注：有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：
The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。
The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物， 作主语时， 谓语动词用复数。如：
The injured were saved after the fire.
主谓一致的就近原则
有时，谓语动词的的数决定于主语中最靠近它的词语：
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。
总结：
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中， （有时主语不止一个时）谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了。
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在这儿的时候， 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2. 用连词or, either… or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等连接的并列主语， 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：
He or I am wrong. 不是他错了，就是我错了。
Either you or he has taken it. 不是你拿了就是他拿了。
Not only the children but also the mother wants to go. 不仅孩子们想去，母亲也想去。
注意这类句型的疑问句形式：
Were you or he there? 当时是你还是他在那儿?
Are either you or he to blame? 是怪你还是怪他?
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事。
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注：1.在非正式文体中，个别结构(如neither…nor)连接主语时，谓语可用复数：
Neither his father nor his mother have [has] come. 他的爸爸和妈妈都没来。
3.one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中， 定语从句的动词为复数。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。
【例】
111.Either you or one of your students ___ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
A. are B. is C. have D. be
【答案】B
【解析】此处考查就近一致，真正的主语是one of your students，故用is。
2.— Did you go to the show last night?
— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ______ invited.
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
【答案】D
【解析】根据时间状语last night可以排除B、C。every /each/no ＋名词＋and every/ each/ no ＋名词作主语时，谓语用单数。
【专项训练】
1. more than one girl _______ late for class this morning.
a. are b. is c. was d. were
2. mary , not her parents , _______ present at the party .
a. are b. have c. is d. were
3. about 65 percent of the students _______ good , and part of them ______ interested in biology.
a. is ;are b. are ; are c. are ; is d. is ; is
4. in this institution a medal together with a prize of certain sum of money ______ gains success in science and technology every two years.
a. are given to anyone b. is given to whoever
c. are given to who d. is given to whom
5. although many of the houses in the small town _______ still in need of repair , there ________ lots of improvement in their appearance.
a. are ; has been b. is ; have been c. is ; are d. are ; was
6. such films _______ shown yesterday _______ not worth seeing again.
a. that was ; is b. as were ; are
c. as were ; is d. those were ; are
7. this kind of apple ______ good .
a. taste b. tastes c. are tasting d. is tasted
8. he said that the twelfth and last lesson rather difficult.
a. were b. was c. will be d. are
9. great quantities of fish in the river by the fisher-men
a. is b. are c. is caught d. were caught
10. whether he will be able to pass the exam un-known
a. is b. are c. was d. were
11. it’s not you but mr anderson who ______ to answer ______ the incident.
a. are ; for b. were ; to c. is ; for d.was ; back
12. ______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?
a. are b. is c. do d. dose
13. five multiplied by two ______ ten .
a. is equal b. equals c. equal with d. equal to
14. a series of debates between the major candidates ______ scheduled for the labor day weekend last week .
a. is b. are c. was d. were
15. the population of china _______ over 1,200 million and eighty percent of the population ________ peasants.
a. is ; are b. are ; is c. is ; is d. are ; are
参考答案：1---5 ccbba 6--10 bbbda 11-15cabca
|
