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Nanjing Massacre南京大屠杀
In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial
Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of
people--including both soldiers and civilians--in the Chinese city of Nanking (or Nanjing).
The horrific events are known as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking,
as between 20,000 and 80,000 women were sexually assaulted. Nanking,
then the capital of Nationalist China, was left in ruins, and it would take
decades for the city and its citizens to recover from the savage attacks.
1937年底，日本帝国陆军部队对中国军人和南京百姓进行长达6周的血腥大屠杀，史称南京大屠杀。其中20,000至80,000妇女被强奸。南京，这座当时中国国民党统治下的首都，沦为了人间地狱，而后南京人民历经数十年从这场惨绝人寰的浩劫中恢复过来。
Preparing for Invasion
Following a
bloody victory in Shanghai during the
Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese turned their attention towards Nanking. Fearful of losing them in battle, Nationalist
leader Chiang Kai-Shek ordered the removal of nearly all official Chinese
troops from the city, leaving it defended by untrained auxiliary troops. Chiang
also ordered the city held at any cost, and forbade the official evacuation of
its citizens. Many ignored this order and fled, but the rest were left to the
mercy of the approaching enemy.
预谋侵略
抗日战争期间，继淞沪会战得利后，日本人开始对南京虎视眈眈。由于担心南京失守，国民党首脑蒋介石下令中国军队撤退，仅余未经训练的辅助部队留守。蒋介石还下令不惜一切代价守卫南京，并禁止市民撤离。许多人不遵守命令，纷纷逃离，然而余人皆遭日军铁蹄蹂躏。
A small group of Western businessmen and missionaries, the
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, attempted to set up a
neutral area of the city that would provide refuge for Nanking's
citizens. The safety zone, opened in November 1937, was roughly the size of New York's Central Park and consisted of more than a dozen small
refugee camps. On December 1, the Chinese government abandoned Nanking, leaving the International Committee in charge.
All remaining citizens were ordered into the safety zone for their protection.
一小群西方商人和传教士成立了南京安全区国际委员会，试图建立一个中立地区，给来不及撤退的南京平民提供避难所。南京安全区成立于1937年11月，面积（约3.86平方公里）相当于美国的纽约中央公园，包括十几难民营。12月1日，中国政府弃守南京，将烂摊子留给国际委员会。所有余留的平民被命令进入安全区避难。
Arrival of the Troops
On December
13, the first troops of Japan's
Central China Front Army, commanded by General Matsui Iwane, entered the city.
Even before their arrival, word had begun spreading of the numerous atrocities
they had committed on their way through China, including killing contests
and pillaging. Chinese soldiers were hunted down and killed by the thousands,
and left in mass graves. Entire families were massacred, and even the elderly
and infants were targeted for execution, while tens of thousands of women were
raped. Bodies littered the streets for months after the attack. Determined to
destroy the city, the Japanese looted and burned at least one-third of Nanking's buildings.
南京陷落
12月13日，日军进占南京城，日本华中方面军在司令官松井石根的带领下首先攻入了南京城。而在他们到来之前，已经犯下了累累罪行，他们所过之处，无恶不作，包括杀人竞赛和抢劫掠夺。被逮捕和杀害的中国士兵数以千计，然后埋在万人坑里。挨家挨户被屠杀，连老人和婴儿也不放过，几万名妇女被强奸。南京被占后数个月，街头随处可见尸体。为了屠城灭证，日军洗劫并烧毁至少三分之一的南京建筑物。
Though the Japanese initially agreed to respect the
Nanking Safety Zone, ultimately not even these refugees were safe from the
vicious attacks. In January 1938, the Japanese declared that order had been
restored in the city, and dismantled the safety zone; killings continued until
the first week of February. A puppet government was installed, which would rule
Nanking until the end of World War II.
尽管日本最初承认南京安全区，但他们任意闯入安全区抢劫掳掠，自始至终，毫不收敛其暴行。1938年1月，日本声称已经恢复了南京城的秩序，并撤销了安全区。杀戮一直持续到二月的第一周。随后，一个傀儡政府（“中华民国维新政府”）成立，统治南京直到二战结束。
Aftermath of the Massacre
There are no
official numbers for the death toll in the Nanking Massacre, though estimates
range from 200,000 to 300,000 people. Soon after the end of the war, Matsui and
his lieutenant Tani Hisao, were tried and convicted for war crimes by the
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
and were executed. Anger over the events at Nanking
continues to color Sino-Japanese relations to this day. The true nature of the
massacre has been disputed and exploited for propaganda purposes by historical
revisionists, apologists and Japanese nationalists. Some claim the numbers of
deaths have been inflated, while others have denied that any massacre occurred.
大屠杀的后果
虽然南京大屠杀的死亡人数没有官方统计数字，但估计在20万至30万人之间。战争结束后不久，松井和他的副手谷久雄，受到远东国际军事法庭的审判，被判为犯有战争罪，并被处决。对于南京大屠杀事件的愤怒，至今仍影响着中日关系。日本的历史修正主义者、辩护士和民族主义者一直对大屠杀的真实性存有争议，并加以利用，以达到其宣传的目的。一些人声称死亡人数被夸大，而另一些人则否认发生过任何大屠杀。
Once one of China's
most prosperous cities and industrial centers, Nanking
took decades to recover from the devastation it experienced. Abandoned as the
national capital in 1949 for Beijing, it grew
into a modern industrial city during the communist period and today is home to
many of China's
largest state-owned firms.
作为昔日中国最繁华的城市和工业中心之一，南京历时数十载，从废墟中恢复过来。随着1949年北京被定为中国的首都，在党的领导下，南京已逐步成为一个现代化的工业城市，目前拥有许多大型国有企业。
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