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【本文已发表于《高中生学习》2010年高二理科版第一期，并被多处转载。】
先看实战演练题： Last week，Bill Gates retired from full-tine．rime work at the world's biggest computer software company, Microsoft．He will remain chairman of the company he established with Paul Allen in 1975． Mr. Gates leaves Microsoft at a time of change in the computing industry．Microsoft grew at a time when personal computers，or PCs，were replacing big mainframe computers as the main computing tools．He showed that huge profits could be made in software as PCs increasingly were found “on every desk and in every home”. Early on，Microsoft understood the importance of the “network effect”. That is, software is the kind of product that increases in value as more people buy and use it． Now，free Internet software threatens to replace PC-based software．Devices like “smart phones” connect people to the Internet．Google has become a 1eader in Internet Web searching and advertising．Microsoft has struggled to change with the new computer environment．Its efforts to sell music and its latest operating system，Vista，have not been big successes．And an attempt this year to buy Yahoo for over forty-seven billion dollars failed． In the last several years，Bill Gates has slowly given control of Microsoft to others．In two thousand，he gave the job of chief executive officer to Steve Ballmer, a friend of his since their years at Harvard University．Mister Ballmer has been with Microsoft since nineteen eighty．Still，it is hard to overestimate the influence of Bill Gates on computing．He developed the business model that put the Windows operating system on about ninety percent of the world's one billion PCs．Microsoft now has almost ninety thousand employees． At fifty—two years old，Bill Gates is currently the third richest man in the world．He is worth about fifty-eight billion dollars．He remains Microsoft's biggest shareholder． Mister Gates will now spend most of his time working at his charity organization, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation．The foundation is the world's largest charity with over thirty-seven billion dollars．It provides money for health, education and other projects，mostly in developing countries． 61．Bill Gates retired from
full-time work in Microsoft
because A．he had earned enough money B．Google threatened Microsoft's leading place C．PCs were out of fashion D．of a reason that was not mentioned 62．Microsoft grew at a
time
when A．“smart phones” connect people to Internet B．Vista was put into market C．Personal Computers were on every desk and in every home D．Computers became the main computing tools 63．Microsoft's “network
effect” probably
means A．the more people use PCs，the more software they will buy B．the more people use Internet，the more money Microsoft can make C．the better product, the more value D．the later operating
system，the better software 64．From the passage, we know _____. A．Bill Gates set up Microsoft on his own in 1975． B．Bill Gates failed to buy Yahoo． C．Bill Gates was the chief executive officer when he retired． D．Bill Gates is the richest man in the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation． 【选材原因】这篇阅读理解是湖北省百所重点中学2009届高三年级第一次联合测试题A篇， 经过测试黄冈市重点高中浠水一中的学生，四道题目的正答率分别是61，66%,答案D；62，34%，答案C；63，30%，答案A；64，58%，答案B。可见这是一篇难度较大的阅读理解。另外，这篇阅读理解很具有典型性，因为文章的内容同学们是比较熟悉的，却偏偏做不到题—这种现象最可怕。看来学生还是缺乏某些做阅读理解题的技能，所以这篇阅读理解很值得研究分析。 对于阅读理解题的如何设问、题目类型、基本解题思路等知识，想必同学们早已熟悉，所以本文就不谈论这些东西了。下面我就结合上面的材料讲讲做阅读理解题的实战技巧“四步走”：
一、 定区间是什么意思呢？定区间就是确定题目答案在短文中可能出现的大概位置。 一篇阅读理解通常有3-4个问题，问题的设置通常也是按照文章的先后顺序排列的，也就是说，命题者不会故意把答案出现在末尾的题目放在开头。另外，一篇阅读材料不是每一句话、每一段话都重要，所以定区间的能力很重要。定好区间能够迅速找到问题的关键所在，有的放矢，从而高效地解决问题。 那么如何定区间呢？ 定区间是由问题来决定的，所以做阅读先要看一下问题。看问题不是要把问题全部仔细看一遍，通常浏览一下标题即可。 看了问题定区间就并不很难了。猜词义、句意的题目的区间就是该词、句的前后。例如上面的63题，区间就是第三段。有的阅读理解题目说得很清楚：What can we learn from the first paragraph? 这样的题目显然问第几段，第几段就是区间。 其它的题目可以抓住题干中的关键词或片断，通常在原文中可以找到相同的部分，例如62题，Microsoft grew at a time…当阅读时，读到文章第二段第二句Microsoft grew at a time when …的时候，大家一定能知道这就是此题的区间了。 定好区间我们就可以做第二步。
二、 细阅读就是定好区间后，针对问题仔细阅读，寻求正确的答案。如何细阅读呢？ 长句子要认真分析，重点地方用笔在卷子上划一划。 很多阅读理解题就是以长难句作为依据考查学生的阅读理解能力的，例如湖北09年高考试题53，58，59，65题都要求考生理解长难句才能做出正确的选择。上面材料中62题尽管也算长难句，但远不及今年高考题句子长、难。不过我们还是以此为例简单介绍如何分析长难句：找主干，删枝叶。 找主干即确定句子的主要成分主、谓、宾语，抓住句子的核心部分（打蛇打七寸）。可以用铅笔把枝叶用斜线划去，在句子下面把主干画出来：Microsoft grew when personal computers were replacing big mainframe computers.可见解决问题的关键词是personal computers。很多同学没有分清主干，误把状语as the main computing tools做主干，从而误选了C项（占30%）。
三、 为了确保所作出的选项的正确性，我们还需要排除其它的三个选项，这好比数学里的验算，称之为排差异。下面以64题为例加以说明： 根据第四段末句可知答案为B。但我们还要排除另外三项：A．错在盖茨是与Paul Allen一起建立微软的；根据第五段he gave the job of chief executive officer to Steve Ballmer可知C错了；根据第六段…the third richest man可知D项错了。这样做就是双保险，进一步证明选B项的正确性。
四、 上面所说的做第一步和第二步耽误了我们不少时间，为了提高阅读速度，保证按时完成任务，我们必须提高速度。如何提高呢？就是在定了区间之后，其它的段落和句子要采取扫描法（scan）甚至是跳读法（skip）。 上面这篇阅读理解，问题的答案主要在开头几段，后面几段我们就要加速度，迅速浏览一下就行了。 总之，阅读理解要讲究方法，要有轻重缓急，不可死板硬套。当然，别人好的学习方法不经过实际操作和融会贯通就不会成为指导自己前进的法宝，正如光看游泳书不下河游泳一样。同学们在做阅读训练的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯。平时遇到做错了的阅读理解题一定要多琢磨、多反思，纠正自己的思维误区，只有不断地反思和总结才能逐步提高自己的阅读水平，减少考试时的失误。
下面这篇阅读理解是湖北省黄冈中学2009届高三第二次模拟考试试题B篇，请大家按照上面讲的方法学习体验： 【答案】：55，C，正答率35%；56，B，正答率89%；57，D，正答率88%；58，A，正答率30%，根据第一则广告：Local applicants preferred可选。定区间：第一则广告最重要，它解决了55，58题。 |
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