恶心 探索厌恶心理的奥秘 译者: siriusdshaw 原作者:Maggie Lange “气味比起文字、外貌、情绪,甚至意愿,更具有说服力,”Peter Süskind在他的心理惊悚小说《香水》(1985)里如是写道,“气味的说服力是无法闪躲的,它就像呼吸一样进入我们体内,充盈我们,渗透我们的全身。而在它面前,一切都手足无措。”Rachel Herz新书《那太恶心了!——探索厌恶心理的奥秘》(That's Disgusting: Unraveling the Mysteries of Repulsion),敬请期待。 By MAGGIE LANGE | January 18, 2012 “气味比起文字、外貌、情绪,甚至意愿,更具有说服力,”Peter Süskind在他的心理惊悚小说《香水》(1985)里如是写道,“气味的说服力是无法闪躲的,它就像呼吸一样进入我们体内,充盈我们,渗透我们的全身。而在它面前,一切都手足无措。” 关于气味的心理力量的最新研究显示,Süskind对于嗅觉的颂歌,尽管看上去有些戏剧化,但其实并没有那么夸张。Rachel Herz,布朗大学精神病学及人类行为研究教授,《欲望的香味》(The Scent of Desire, 2007)一书的作者,将在她的新书《那太恶心了!——探索厌恶心理的奥秘》(That's Disgusting: Unraveling the Mysteries of Repulsion,下周出版)中继续探索这种感觉的最神秘之处。 Herz把气味与情绪之间的大部分联系归因于大脑的构造;嗅球是大脑边缘系统的组成部分,这一部分与记忆和感觉相关联。大脑用于处理气味的部分与杏仁核直接相连,杏仁核处理情绪,而海马负责联想学习。 不过她最引人入胜的一处见解可能是将我们最原始的反应——婴儿在尝到某些带有苦味的东西时,会把脸皱起来——与习得的厌恶情绪区别开,而后者则更为精细。 终究,气味和厌恶都是和情景密切相关的。想象一下你口中的痰液——再想象你喝下了这么一整杯。或者想象一下手工作坊里奶酪刺鼻的味道,还有潮湿的巷子里那种霉变的味道。 我们是唯一一种能够感觉到厌恶情绪的生物,Herz说道;动物会把苦涩的东西吐出来,但是它们不会抗拒在污物里面嬉戏,也不会排斥把一具尸体叼在嘴里。 而这里,更是呈现了一种对死亡更深刻的理解。 “这不是恐惧,不是让你尽快远离的自动化的东西,”她说,“这是对于缓慢的、不确定的死亡的潜在可能。” 人类是唯一一种具有足够大的大脑的动物,因而得以发现潜在地通向死亡的迹象——可能在九个星期之后,你就在九泉之下了。“这是一种复杂的学习,”她说,“厌恶是从我们所生活的这个社会的编码中习得的。” 同样也正是这些社会线索,使气味得以唤起一系列的情绪,无论是潜在的、复杂的,还是厌恶的:爱,欲望,哀伤。这是关于文学的一些东西。也许Nabokov恰以一种最为简单也最为精彩的方式表述了它:“气味比影像和声音更加毋庸置疑,就这样触动着你的心弦。 揭开熟能生巧的秘密 译者: newkiwi 原作者:Janelle Weaver 所谓熟能生巧,对于记忆而言再正确不过,但是熟能生巧的确切原因是什么,长久以来一直是个谜。本周五将在《科学》杂志上正式发表的一项研究表明,反复刺激大脑中相同的神经模式可能会使所见的事物铭刻进记忆之中。这项研究由北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室的薛贵与董奇,以及美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的罗素·波特拉克等人共同完成。 Repetitive neural responses may enhance recall of faces and words. 重复的神经反应可能会加深人们对面孔与词语的回忆。 Faces that activate the same regions of the brain again and again are more likely to be remembered.Pasieka / Science Photo Library 反复激活大脑同一脑区的面孔更可能被记住。图片来源:帕斯尔卡/科学图片库 Practice makes perfect when it comes to remembering things, but exactly how that works has long been a mystery. A study published in Science this week indicates that reactivating neural patterns over and over again may etch items into the memory. 所谓熟能生巧,对于记忆而言再正确不过,但是熟能生巧的确切原因是什么,长久以来一直是个谜。本周五将在《科学》(Science)杂志上正式发表的一项研究(该研究已于9月9日提前发表在《科学》杂志的预印本上)表明,反复刺激大脑中相同的神经模式可能会使所见的事物铭刻进记忆之中。这项研究由北京师范大学认知神经科学与学习国家重点实验室的薛贵与董奇,以及美国得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校(University of Texas, Austin)的罗素·波特拉克(Russell A. Poldrack)等人共同完成。 People find it easier to recall things if material is presented repeatedly at well-spaced intervals rather than all at once. For example, you're more likely to remember a face that you've seen on multiple occasions over a few days than one that you've seen once in one long period. One reason that a face linked to many different contexts — such as school, work and home — is easier to recognize than one that is associated with just one setting, such as a party, could be that there are multiple ways to access the memory. This idea, called the encoding variability hypothesis, was proposed by psychologists about 40 years ago. 人们发现适当的间隔之后重复出现的东西,比一次性长时间呈现的东西更容易回想起来。比如说,几天之内你在多个场合反复见过的面孔,比你在某一个场合长时间见到的面孔更可能被你记住。这其中的一个原因就是,一张与许多不同的背景相联系的面孔——比如与学校、工作以及家相联系的面孔——比仅与一种环境(比如一个派对)相联系的面孔更容易辨识,因此对于与多种不同背景相联系的面孔,存在多种方式与线索去提取关于该面孔的记忆。这种思想,被称为编码变异性假说(encoding variability hypothesis),大概在40年前由心理学家所提出。 Each different context or setting activates a distinct set of brain regions; the hypothesis suggests that it is these differing neural responses that improve the memory. But neuroimaging research led by Russell Poldrack, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Texas, Austin, now suggests that the opposite is true — items are better remembered when they activate the same neural patterns with each exposure. 每个不同的背景或环境都会激活大脑中一系列相互独立的脑区;编码变异性假说指出正是这些不同的神经反应增强了记忆。但是如今薛贵、董奇与罗素·波特拉克等人进行的大脑成像研究表明,相反的情况才是正确的——当事物每次出现都激活相同的神经模式时,该事物更能被记住。 Neural rehearsal “神经排练” Poldrack's team measured brain activity in 24 people using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The subjects saw 120 unfamiliar faces, each one repeated four times at varying intervals during the fMRI scan. One hour later, they were shown the faces again, mixed with 120 new ones, and asked to rate the familiarity of each. 波特拉克的研究团队使用功能磁共振成像技术(fMRI)测量了24个人的大脑激活情况。在fMRI扫描期间,这些受试者被要求看120张陌生的面孔,每张面孔以不同的间隔重复出现4次。一小时之后,他们会再次看到这组面孔,而且这组面孔是与另外120张全新的面孔混合出现,实验人员要求受试者对每张面孔是否熟悉进行评定。 The researchers then looked at the brain responses that had been recorded when the subjects were first shown the faces, focusing on 20 brain regions associated with visual perception and memory. Faces that were later recognized evoked similar activation patterns at each repetition in nine of the regions, particularly those associated with object and face perception; faces that were later forgotten did not evoke such pattern to the same extent. 然后研究人员去考察受试者第一次观看面孔照片时记录的大脑激活图像,并集中关注20个与视知觉以及记忆相关的脑区的激活情况。他们发现一小时后受试者认出的那些面孔,在扫描期间面孔每次重复出现时,在9个脑区引发了类似的激活模式,尤其在那些与物体识别以及面孔知觉相关的脑区激活非常相似;而那些一小时后受试者忘记的面孔,在相同程度上没有这样的激活模式出现。 In a separate experiment, subjects in the fMRI scanner were shown 180 words, each repeated three times. Six hours later, they performed two memory tests. The remembered words elicited similar patterns at each repetition in 15 of the 20 brain regions that the researchers examined. 在另一组实验中,受试者在fMRI扫描仪中观看180个词语,每个词语重复3次。六个小时之后,受试者需要进行两项记忆测试。研究人员发现被记住的词语每次重复出现时,20个脑区中有15个脑区引发了相似的激活模式。 Explaining the brain 大脑的多种解释 But Marvin Chun, a cognitive neuroscientist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, says that the results do not invalidate the encoding variability hypothesis because Poldrack and his team were at a different type of situation. To directly test the hypothesis, the authors should have presented items in different contexts, he says. 不过美国耶鲁大学(Yale)的认知神经科学家马文(Marvin Chun)说,这项研究的结果仍然无法否定编码变异性假说,因为波特拉克与他的研究团队采用的是另一种不同类型的情景。如果想要直接地检验编码变异性假说,该研究的作者们应当呈现处于不同背景中的相同事物,他说。 What's more, attention-grabbing words or faces may elicit more reproducible patterns of activation when they are presented multiple times than do less striking items, says Rik Henson, a cognitive neuroscientist at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. This effect could explain the results without refuting the encoding variability hypothesis, he adds. 此外,英国剑桥大学(Cambridge)医学研究委员会(MRC)认知与脑科学研究小组的认知神经科学家里克·汉森(Rik Henson)说,当词语与面孔多次呈现时,能够强烈吸引注意力的词语或者面孔,可能比那些不那么吸引人的事物更能引发相同的激活模式。这一效应可以解释为什么这项研究的结果无法否定编码变异性假说,他补充道。 "We can't rule that out," Poldrack says. To address this concern, he would have to further analyse subjects' brain responses to individual items. "It may well be the case that there is a version of the encoding variability hypothesis that is compatible with these data." “我们无法排除这些可能性,”波特拉克说。为了解决这些问题,他将会进一步分析受试者观看各种事物的大脑反应。“接下来的情况很可能是编码变异性假说与我们的实验数据并不互斥。” "If we push the theorists to think a little harder, and to try to incorporate neuroscience data into these theories, then I think that is a good thing, regardless of whether the encoding variability theory turns out to be right," he adds. “如果我们能够促使理论学家们思考得更深入一点,同时他们能够试图将神经科学的数据并入这些理论中的话,那么我认为,不管最终编码变异性假说被证明是不是正确的,这都是一件好事,”他补充道。 |
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