埃及法老列表[编辑]这是一份古埃及统治者的列表。该表中列出的君主始自约前31世纪的第一王朝，结束于希腊人建立的托勒密王朝。这段时期中埃及的最高君主的称号是人们熟知的法老。 在使用此表时，请注意以下几个问题： - 表中没有列出各法老的在位时期。这是因为第二十六王朝之前，法老的确切统治时期根本无法确定。关于古埃及历史事件的年代问题，考古学界建立了许多不同的时间系统。例如，苏联考古学家和西方考古学家采取的时间体系相差约100年。
- 表中包含3位实际没有采用法老称号的女性统治者（因为“法老”是一个男性头衔）。
- 通常法老具有多个用途不同的名字。例如，第一王朝的法老有王衔（王衔本身又分荷鲁斯和赛特两种）和王名。在这个表中，只列出其中最通用的名字。如果您知道的某位法老在表中查不到，请尝试在其所属王朝的条目中查找，那里列出了法老的所有名字。
- 很多法老名字的翻译源自俄语资料，可能与其英语转写的读音不符。
| 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 斯尼夫鲁 |  | Built the Meidum Pyramid and the Bent Pyramid(341 ft/103m from the base to the tip), which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, the Red Pyramid. Some say that he was buried in the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried in the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. | 2613–2589 (24 years) | | 胡夫 | | Greek form: Cheops. Built the great pyramid of Giza. Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, names, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. | 2589–2566 | | 雷吉德夫 | | Believed to have created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip). | 2566–2558 | | 哈夫拉 | | Greek form: Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Credited by some Egyptologists as the builder of the Great Sphinx of Giza. | 2558–2532 | | — | – | Here some authorities insert Bikheris, followingManetho | — | | 门卡拉 | | Greek form: Mycerinus. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. | 2532–2503 | | 谢普塞斯卡弗 | | Broke with the tradition of pyramid building and instead had the Mastabat el-Fara'un made for himself | 2503–2498 | | 德德夫普塔赫 | – | Here some authorities insert Djedefptah a.k.a.Thampthis, following Manetho | — |
| 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 特提 | | 可能被其继位者所弑。 | 2345–2333 | | 乌瑟卡拉 | | Usurped the throne at the expense of Teti | 2333–2332 | | 佩皮一世 | | — | 2332–2283 | | 奈姆蒂姆萨夫一世 | | — | 2283–2278 | | 佩皮二世 | | Possible unto 2224 which would explain the following 4 kings. | 2278–2184 | | 阿伯 | | Reigned for 4 years and 2 months. Reign dates do not follow Turin Canon. Highly unlikely. | 2193–2176 | | —（名字不详） | | Unknown king attested here | | | 奈姆蒂姆萨夫二世[21] | | Uncertain pharaoh. | 2184 | | 西普塔一世 | | This king may have been confused in later years as a supposed female ruler 尼托克里斯.[22] | 2184–2181 |
由于目前的埃及学对第一中间期了解有限，本部分内容可靠性很低。 埃及统一之前的第十一王朝归于第一中间期，曼图霍特普二世统一埃及后中王国时期开始。 | 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 阿蒙涅姆赫特一世[26][27] | | 第十二王朝的第一位法老。 | 1991–1962 | | 辛努塞尔特一世[28](Sesostris I) | | 建造了白色神庙。 | 1971–1926 | | 阿蒙涅姆赫特二世[29] | | — | 1929–1895 | | 辛努塞尔特二世[30](Sesostris II) | | — | 1897–1878 | | 辛努塞尔特三世[31](Sesostris III) | | 中王朝时期最有权力的法老。 | 1878–1860 | | 阿蒙涅姆赫特三世[32] | | — | 1860–1815 | | 阿蒙涅姆赫特四世[33] | | 据记载, 他统治古埃及1年。 | 1815–1807 | | 塞贝克涅弗鲁[34] | | 第一位女法老。 | 1807–1802 | | | 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 塞赫姆卡拉 或 塞赫姆拉·索贝霍特普一世 | | 第十三王朝的第一位法老。 | 1802–1799 | | 阿门涅姆赫特五世 | | | 1799—1796 | | 阿蒙涅姆赫特 | | — | 1795–1792 | | 塞赫特普拉一世 | | — | 1792 –1790 | | 伊乌夫尼 | | 其名字只出现于都灵王表。 | 在位时间非常短, c. 1788[35] or 1790 | | 阿门涅姆赫特六世 | | — | ? | | 塞黑卡拉 | | — | ? | | 塞赫特普拉二世 | | — | ? | | 塞瓦吉卡拉 | | — | ? | | 内杰米布拉 | | 7个月 | ? | | 叟伯克侯特普一世 | | 可能是索伯克候特普二世。 | 在位约, 1780–1777[35] | | 伦塞内布 | | 4个月 | 1777[35] | | 荷尔？ | | 因其金字塔里发现的卡雕像和陪葬品闻名。 | 统治1年又6个月, 1777–1775[35] | | 阿门涅姆赫特七世 | | 他出现于几样文物上。 | 3年至5年, 1769–1766[35] | | 塞赫姆拉·索贝霍特普二世 | | 又称威格夫。 | c. 1767 | | 肯杰尔 | | 他可能是第一位外国法老。 | c. 1765 | | 伊米雷迈沙乌 | | 只出现于两尊雕像。 | 统治最少10年,开始于 1759 BC[35]or 1711 BC.[36] | | 伊里奥特弗五世 | | — | ? | | 塞特 | | — | ? | | 索贝霍特普三世 | | 4年又2个月 | c. 1755–1751 | | 内弗尔霍特普一世 | | 11年 | 1751–1740 | | 索贝霍特普四世 | | 10或11年 | 1740–1730 | | 索贝霍特普五世 | | — | c. 1730 | | 索贝霍特普六世 | | 4年8个月又29天 | c. 1725 | | 伊比阿乌 | | 10年又8个月 | 1725–1714 or 1712–1701 [35] | | 美尔奈弗拉·阿依一世 | | 第十四王朝在位最久的法老。 | 23年8个月又18天, 1701–1677[35]or 1714–1691 | | 迈尔赫特普拉-伊尼 | | 可能是前任法老的儿子。 | 2年3或4个月又9天, 1677–1675 BC[35] or 1691–1689 BC | | 塞瓦德杰乌 | | 出现于都灵王表。 | 3年又2–4个月, 1675–1672 BC[35] | | 伊内德 | | 可能与尼斐霍特普二世是同一人。 | 3年, 1672–1669[35] | | 霍里 | | 5年 | ? | | 索贝霍特普七世 | | 2年又6个月 [35] | 1664–1663[35] | | —（名称不详） | | ? | ? | | 索克霍特赫 | | 可能是前任法老的儿子。 | ? | | —（名称不详） | | ? | ? | | —（名称不详） | | ? | ? |
以下法老在王表中的位置无法确定： 都灵王表还记载了另外25个法老的名字，但他们的真实性无法确定。以下法老的位置无法确定： | 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 雅赫摩斯一世 | | 前任法老卡摩斯的弟弟,他在对抗希克索斯人的过程中得到了胜利,并彻底赶走希克索斯人。 | 约1550-1525 BCE; 考古学家研究认为他于1570-1544 BCE之间登基, 他可能于1557 BCE在位[38] | | 阿蒙霍特普一世 | | - | 1541-1520 | | 图特摩斯一世 | | 法老阿蒙霍特普一世的姐夫。 | 1520-1492 | | 图特摩斯二世 | | - | 1492-1479 | | 哈特谢普苏特 | | 古埃及最著名的女王,为古埃及第二位女王,第七位女摄政王,考古学家认为她是死于骨癌。[39] | 1479-1458年1月16日 | | 图特摩斯三世 | | 古埃及最著名的法老 , 小的时候与女王哈特谢普苏特一同掌管朝政 , 女王死后 , 他便开始扩大领土 , 并给阿蒙神庙捐了一大笔捐赠 , 使古埃及变成当时最有钱的国家。 | 1479年4月24日-1425年3月11日 | | 阿蒙霍特普二世 | | - | 1425-1400 | | 图特摩斯四世 | | - | 1400-1390 | | 阿蒙霍特普三世 | | 他是法老埃赫那吞的父亲 , 法老图坦卡蒙的祖父 , 他所打造的神庙被法老拉美西斯二世毁坏并拿来建造新的建筑。 | 1390-1352 | | 埃赫那顿 | | 原名为阿蒙霍特普四世 , 在他统治古埃及时进行了宗教改革(他把阿蒙神改为阿吞神)与艺术改革 , 但因缺乏许多支持者而宣告失败。 | 1352-1334 | | 斯蒙卡拉 | | 其家世不详,他可能是法老埃赫那吞的儿子或女婿,他与埃赫那吞的长女梅莉塔提结婚。 | 1334-1333 | | 图坦卡蒙 | | 他可能是法老埃赫那吞儿子 , 其原名为图坦卡吞 , 他于9岁继位 , 他在埃赫那吞死后恢复了阿蒙神的地位 , 并改名为图坦卡蒙 , 他在位9年后离奇死亡。 | 1333-1324 | | 阿伊二世 | | 古埃及阿玛尔时期的大臣 , 他可能是皇后泰伊的兄弟 , 曾与法老图坦卡蒙一起掌管朝政 , 法老图坦卡蒙死后 , 因无子而传位给他。 | 1324-1320 | | 哈伦海布 | | 原为古埃及的大臣 , 他可能为法老阿伊的女婿 , 因法老阿伊无子而传位给他。 | 1320-1292 |
以下几个王朝实际上是并存的。 | 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 塔克洛特二世 | | Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd | 837-813 | | 皮杜巴斯特 | | A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II | 826-801 | | 伊乌普特一世 | | Co-regent with Pedubast | 812-811 | | 舍顺克六世 | | Successor to Pedubast | 801-795 | | 奥索尔孔三世 | | Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king | 795-767 | | 塔克洛特三世 | | Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign. | 773-765 | | 鲁德阿蒙或伊乌普特二世 | | Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. | 765-762 |
| 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 内法阿鲁德一世 | | Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed. | 398 – 393 BC | | 普萨姆提斯 | | - | 393 BC | | 哈科尔 | | Overthrew his predecessor Psammuthes. Father of Nefaarud II. | 393 – 380 BC | | 内法阿鲁德二世 | | Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. | 380 BC |
| 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治时间 |
|---|
| 内克塔内布一世 | | Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos. | 380 – 362 BC | | 提奥斯 | | Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid ofAgesilaus II of Sparta. | 362 – 360 BC | | 内克塔内布二世 | | Last native ruler of ancient Egypt[51] | 360 – 343 BC |
| 名称 | 图像 | 说明 | 统治日期 |
|---|
| 托勒密一世 | | Abdicated in 285 BC; died in 283 BC | 305–285 BC | | 贝勒尼基一世 | | Wife of Ptolemy I | ?-285 BC | | 托勒密二世 | | - | 288–246 BC | | 阿西诺亚一世 | | Wife of Ptolemy II | 284/281-c. 274 BC | | 阿西诺亚二世 | | Wife of Ptolemy II | 277-270 BC | | 托勒密三世 | | - | 246–222 BC | | 贝勒尼基二世 | | Wife of Ptolemy III | 244/243-222 BC | | 托勒密四世 | | - | 222–204 BC | | 阿西诺亚三世 | | Wife of Ptolemy IV | 220-204 BC | | 胡加安培尤特 | | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 205-199 BC | | 安克马基斯 | | Revolutionary Pharaoh in the South | 199-185 BC | | 托勒密五世 | | Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC | 204–180 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉一世 | | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority | 193-176 BC | | 托勒密六世 | | Died 145 BC | 180–164 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉二世 | | Wife of Ptolemy VI | 173-164 BC | | 托勒密八世 | | Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra IIfrom 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC | 171–163 BC | | 托勒密六世 | | Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC | 163-145 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉二世 | | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. | 163-127 BC | | 托勒密七世 | | Proclaimed co-ruler by father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II | 145-144 BC | | 托勒密八世 | | Restored | 145-131 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉三世 | | Second wife of Ptolemy VIII | 142-131 BC | | 托勒密·孟斐忒斯 | | Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII | 131 BC | | 托勒密八世 | | Restored | 127-116 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉三世 | | Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. | 127-107 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉二世 | | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. | 124-116 BC | | 托勒密九世 | | Died 80 BC | 116–110 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉四世 | | Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III | 116-115 BC | | 托勒密十世 | | Died 88 BC | 110–109 BC | | 贝勒尼基三世 | | Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later | 81-80 BC | | 托勒密十一世 | | Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III | 80 BC | | 托勒密十二世 | | Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC | 80– 58 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉五世 | | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV | 79 BC-68 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉六世 | | Daughter of Ptolemy XII | 58 BC- 57 BC | | 贝勒尼基四世 | | Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but has him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC. | 58–55 BC | | 托勒密十二世Neos Dionysos | | Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death | 55–51 BC | | 克利奥帕特拉七世 | | Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; also known simply as Cleopatra | 51–30 BC | | 托勒密十三世 | | Brother of Cleopatra VII | 51–47 BC | | 阿西诺亚四世 | | In opposition to Cleopatra VII | 48-47 BC | | 托勒密十四世 | | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII | 47–44 BC | | 托勒密十五世 | | Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. | 44-30 BC |
法老制度的终结[编辑]前31年，克利奥帕特拉七世与同盟者马克·安东尼在亚克兴角海战中被罗马执政官屋大维打败。前30年，克利奥帕特拉七世自杀，屋大维宣布埃及为罗马的一个行省。托勒密王朝的王位继承人不久都遭杀害，埃及的法老时代宣告结束。 - ^ 有些研究者将他列入前王朝时期。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (Agyptologische Abhandlungen), ISBN 3447026774, O. Harrassowitz (1987), p. 124
- ^ 摄政
- ^ Wilkinson (1999) pp. 83-84
- ^ Wilkinson (1999) p. 84
- ^ Jochem Kahl: Ra is my Lord - Searching for the rise of the Sun God at the dawn of Egyptian history. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 3-447-05540-5, page 12–14 & 74.
- ^ Wilkinson (1999) p. 79
- ^ Wilkinson (1999) pp 87-88
- ^ Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p.27
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ?gyptischen K?nigsnamen.. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2, page 171.
- ^ [1] Seth-Peribsen
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Darell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 - 1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008
- ^ [2] King Khasekhem
- ^ [3] King Khasekhemwy
- ^ Toby Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 1999, pp.83 & 95
- ^ Toby Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt, pp.79 & 258
- ^ Verner (2001)
- ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., [url="http://dx./10.1126/science.1189395"]Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt[/url], [i]Science[/i] 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554 - 1557
- ^ Clayton (1994) p.32
- ^ Clayton (1994) p.42
- ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73
- ^ Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100.
- ^ Labib Habachi: King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'égypte 19 (1963), p. 16-52
- ^ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 23-25
- ^ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 25-26
- ^ [4] Amenemhat I
- ^ Grajetzki (2006) pp.28-35
- ^ Murnane (1977) p.2
- ^ Murnane (1977) p.7
- ^ Murnane (1977) p.9
- ^ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), pp.251
- ^ Grajetzki (2006) pp.56-61
- ^ Amenemhat IV Maakherure (1807/06-1798/97 BCE). Digital Egypt for Universities.
- ^ Grajetzk (2006) pp.61-63
- ^ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002
- ^ 37.0 37.1 Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period
- ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554-1557.
- ^ Tooth clinches identification of Egyptian queen
- ^ Ramesses I Menpehtire. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001 [2007-09-29].
- ^ King Merenptah. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001 [2007-09-29].
- ^ Sety II. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001 [2007-10-27].
- ^ Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre. Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001 [2007-10-27].
- ^ Tausret.
- ^ Grimal (1992) p.291
- ^ Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah. [2007-10-28].
- ^ Shaw (ed), Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. 309.
- ^ Cerny p.645
- ^ R. Krauss and D.A. Warburton, "Chronological Table for the Dynastic Period" in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill, 2006. p.494
- ^ Dan'el Kahn, "The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var and the Chronology of Dynasty 25," Orientalia 70 (2001), pp.1-18
- ^ Nakhthorhebyt. Digital Egypt for Universities. [March 1, 2011].
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