独立主格结构及学习难点

基础知识：

（一）概念：

“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。

 

（二）功能：

“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定性状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。

 

（三）形式：

独立主格结构在形式上由两部分组成：第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种

独立主格结构的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；

名词(代词)+形容词；

名词(代词)+副词；

名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。　

（名词（代词）+现在分词）

1、名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间的主谓关系。如：

The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.

姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.

如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。

2、名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：

The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.

随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。

Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.

由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

3、名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：

He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.

借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.

他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。

4、名词/主格代词+形容词。如：

An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.

那架飞机遭遇了空难，无人生还。

So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.

这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。

5、名词/主格代词+副词。如：

He put on his sweater wrong side out.

他把毛衣穿反了。

The meeting over, they all went home.

会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

6、名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：

The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.

那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.

玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

例句分析

今天是星期天，你不必去上学。

原因从句：

Because it is Sunday, you needn’t go to school.

主语

It being Sunday, you needn’t go to school. (√)

分词 逻辑上的主语

（It being Sunday 构成独立主格结构在句子中作原因状语）

Being Sunday, you needn’t go to school. (×)

（因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。）

 

官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。

分词表示

All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.

分词逻辑上的主语

时间状语从句：

After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.

 

天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。

分词表示：

Weather permitting; we’ll go to the Summer Palace.

分词逻辑上的主语

条件状语从句：

If weather permits , we’ll go to the Summer Palace.

 

All the work done, you can have a rest.

分词逻辑上的主语

=All the work is done and you can have a rest. 

所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。

注意 分词做独立主格，有时前面可以加with或without 

 

（四）举例

e.g.

（名词（代词）+ 现在分词）

1、小王病倒了，我们得照顾他。

Xiao Wang falling ill, we have to look after him.

2、客人们走了，她开始打扫房间。

The guests having left, she began to clean the room.

（名词（代词）+ 过去分词）

3、眼镜打破了，她看不见黑板上的字。

Her glasses broken, she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.

4、她双手交叉在胸前站在那儿。

She stood there, her hands crossed on the chest.

（名词（代词）+ 形容词）

5、街道上又湿又滑，我们只好小心缓慢地骑车。

The streets wet and slippery, we had to ride our bikes slowly and carefully.

6、学生们睁大眼睛在听老师讲课。

The students were listening to the teacher, their eyes wide open.

（名词（代词）+ 副词）

7、会议结束了，我们从大礼堂回到了教室。

The meeting over , we returned to the classroom from the auditorium.

8、他急急忙忙地穿上衬衫，把衬衫穿反了。

He pulled on his shirt, wrong side out.

（名词（代词）+ 不定式）

9、运动会将在下周举行，我们必须为它作准备。

The sports meeting to be held next week, we must get ready for it.

10、如此多的人帮助他，他一定会成功的。

So many people to help, he is sure to succeed.

（名词（代词）+ 介词短语）

11、老人手里拿着烟斗坐在椅子上。

The old man sat on the chair, (with) a pipe in his hand.

12、那个人走出房间，嘴里嚼着食物。

The man went out of the room, food in mouth.

（There being + 名词（代词））

13、没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。

There being no bus, we had to walk home.

14、没有什么事情要讨论，会议结束了。

There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.

独立主格结构在句中的作用:

（作时间状语）

15、春天到了，树变绿了。

Spring coming on, the trees turn green.

16、问题解决后，他们回到了各自的工作岗位。

The problem (having been) solved, they went back to their own post.

（作原因状语）

17、昨天是星期天，我们没有上学。

It being Sunday yesterday, we didn’t go to school.

18、钥匙丢失了，她进不了房间。

The key(having been) lost, she couldn’t enter the room.

（作条件状语）

19、如果时间许可，我们将参观那个公园。

Time permitting, we’ll visit the park.

20、如果水加到很高的温度，我们会看到水蒸气从中冒出来。

Water heated to a high temperature, we can see steam rising from it.

（作方式或伴随状语）

21、孩子们在堆雪人，他们的手冻得通红。

The children were making a snowman, their hands red with cold.

22、他跌倒在地，鼻子流着血。

He fell to the ground, blood trickling from his nose.

 

构成&作用

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.

由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.

王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.

老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.

放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词＋副词；表时间）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.

没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（复合结构；表伴随）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.

最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词＋不定式；表时间）

 

（五）独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：

1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例：

（1） If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend. －→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.

如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。

（2） When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. －→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。

2、还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例：

（1） Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则)

（2） When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.（我们）种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）

 

（六）独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：

1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。

2、独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

1）当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

( hand前不能加his)。

2）当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

 

【典型例题】

Weather___, we’ll go out for a walk.

A permitted            B permitting           C permits              D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为‘天气允许’，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we’ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

独立主格的句型转换：

1、转换成状语从句

His homework done, he went to bed.

=After his homework was done, he went to bed.

She not feeling well, we worried about her.

= As she was not feeling well, we worried about her.

Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.

=If weather permits, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.

2、转换成并列句

The young woman came into the cinema, a baby in her arms.

= The young woman came into the cinema and a baby was in her arms.

The boy stood there silently, his eyes fixed upon the black people.

= The boy stood there silently and his eyes were fixed upon the black people.

3、转换成“with”的复合结构

Night falling, we hurried home.

=With night falling, we hurried home.

The signal given, the train left the railway station.

= With the signal given, the train left the railway station.

The old scientist came to the meeting, his wife supporting him.

= The old scientist came to the meeting, with his wife supporting him.

The spy sat on the ground, his hands tied behind his back.

= The spy sat on the ground, with his hands tied behind his back.

独立主格结构的构成形式：独立主格结构，是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。

1. 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。

常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
   The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。

2.  名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
  The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
   Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。  

   如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。

4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
   An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
   So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。

5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
   He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
   The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

7. 分词短语作状语与独立主格结构的区别：

   1）分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
  Eg.) Examining the patient, the doctor wrote down something on paper.
       Hit by the arrow, he fell from the horse.
       应避免写分词逻辑主语和句子主语不一致的句子。如:
   Walking along the road, an accident happened. (×)
   Listening to the radio, there was a knock at the door. (×)
   Walking along the road, I saw an accident. (√)
   Listening to the radio, I heard a knock at the door. (√)

   2）但独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不是同一个人或事。
   独立主格结构－－名词普通格或代词主格+其它成分（形，副，介短，分词和不定式）（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系）
   独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。主要用于书面语,表示描述.
  eg.) 1.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。
  A) 用原因从句表达： Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to school.
  B) 用分词独立结构表达： It being Sunday, you needn't go to school.
   但不能写成：Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。)

   这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。又如：
   There being no bus, we had to walk home.== As there was no bus, we had to walk home.
   It being Sunday, the library doesn't open.  ==  As it is Sunday, the library doesn't open.
 eg.) 2.官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。
    A) 用分词独立结构表达： All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open.
    B) 用时间状语从句表达： After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was  declared open.
     3. 天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。
   A) 用分词独立结构表达： Weather permitting ,we'll go to the Summer Palace.
   B) 用条件状语从句表达： If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace.
     4.所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。
  用分词独立结构表达：All the work done, you can have a rest.
                    =All the work is done and you can have a rest.
     5.他看着这情景，张大着嘴。 He watched the scene, his mouth ( being ) wide open.
     6. 会议结束后,他们都回家了。The meeting (being) over, they all went home. (逻辑谓语是adj./adv 时,前面省略being)
8. 有时,独立主格结构可以由with引出:
  eg.) The child trembled, with hands red with cold.
  The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 树叶都绿了，使得公园很漂亮。
  The road is beautiful, with trees and flowers growing well here and there.
有时, 这种结构中的冠词或物主代词可省去,称为泛指结构,反之,称为特指结构.
  Eg.) He came out, umbrella in hand.
     =He came out, with an umbrella in his hand.
   The guards stood at attention, guns on shoulders.
   = The guards stood at attention, with guns on their shoulders.
9.分词固定短语：（有时表示说话人态度的分词结构已成为固定短语，不遵循其逻辑主语和句子主语一致的原则）。
   eg.)1.Judging from her accent, she must be an American.
       2.Genarally speaking, the living costs are relatively higher in cities.
       3.Talking of the world resources , they are very limited.
       4.No wonder he was taken ill, considering that he had been overworking for years.
       5.Taking as a whole, the experiment was a success.