语法系列复习专题一名词篇
名词的分类
1)
专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写。如HongKong,
China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross
2)
普通名词:
可数名词:个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student,book
集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group,
people
不可数名词:
物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea
抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news
2.名词的复数
可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:
1) 绝大多数在词尾加s。如:
book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces.
2)以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。如:
watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes;
下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo
,kilo
3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es。例如:baby,babies;family,families;
以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加s。例如:boy,boys;key,keys
4)
以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式,如:leaf,leaves;
wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数,常见的有:
roof,chief,belief,gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以,如:
handkerchief,’s,handkerchieves
5)少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记:
man→men; woman→women; Englishman→Englishmen;foot→feet;
tooth→teeth; child→children; mouse→mice
少数名词的单、复数形式相同,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish,means(注:
fishes表不同种类的鱼)
6)复合名词:
A.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。如:two men
teachers,
four women doctors
B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如:
lookers-on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑,
passers-by过路人
C.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s。如:
grown-ups 成年人,go-betweens 中间人
7)以复数形式出现的名词:trousers,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄,
findings 调查结果,
doings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks
烟火,remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬 ,stairs
楼梯
8)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如:
take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备,give regards to
问候
2.名词的所有格
1)名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”,如:Tom’s
bike,
Marx’s works
以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“’”或“’s”。如:Engels’/Engels’s
works
以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“’”。如:students’ homework,a
workers’ night
school
一所工人夜校,不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“’s”。如:men’s
clothes
男士衣服 children’s books 儿童读物
2) 如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。例如:Tom
and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Tom’s and Mike’s
rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间
3) 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。
如:the tailor’s 裁缝店,the
barber’s理发店,go to the
doctor’s上诊所,
at my uncle?s在我叔叔家
4) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示
所有格。如:today’s newspaper,half an hour’s rest,two weeks’
work,ten minutes′walk,China’s population,Shanghai’s
industry
5) 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如:
the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 2
6) 表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of+所有格”来表示所属关系。例如:
He is an old friend of my
father’s. This is a picture of
Mary’s.
考点分析
1. He gained his _______by printing _______of
famous writers
A.wealth;
work B.wealths;
works
C.weaths;work D.wealth
;works
析:此题答案D。因为wealth
是不可数名词故可排除B、C两个选项;work既可作不
可数名词表“工作”意,又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式。根据题目意思,此处work应作可数名词用,于是又可排除A。
2.Many
people agree that_______ knowledge of English is a must in
______
international trade today.
A.a;
×
B.the ;
an
C.the
;the
D.×;the
析:knowledge
是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一
门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:a
strong character 坚强的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a waste of
time 浪费时间;a pressure on sb.对某人的压力;have a good
time玩得痛快;He is a failure /a success as a leader
他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义。如:what
fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识;Knowledge begins with
practice.foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠词。
由以上两点可确定答案为A。
3.Oh, John _____you gave us !
A.How a great
surprise B.How pleasant
surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
析:正确答案为C。“a/an+形容词+抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如:
an advanced culture 一种先进文化;a great interest 极大的兴趣;do
him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙。
4. She broke
a _______ while she was washing up .
A.glass
wine
B.wine
glass
C.wine’s glass D.glass of
wine
析:根据broke一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除A、D;C不是表达“酒杯”的正确形式,只有B才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表①分类意义②表时间、地点、称呼③表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。
① 例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school
education ,research work ,coffee cup ,English teacher ,air
pollution
② 例:book store ,winter sleep ,country life
,college student ,South China
③例:milk
bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room
,tooth brush
5.________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!
A.What
B.What
a
C.How
D.How a
析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what修饰名词。weather是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a。因此这题正确答案是A。
6.Shortly after the accident ,two _______police were sent to the
spot to keep order .
A.dozens of
B.dozens
C.dozens’ of
D.dozen
析:
正确答案是D。dozen, score ,hundred, thousand
,million等名词前面有数词或many
,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加S,并与of连用:dozens
of (许多的),scores of (好几十的),hundreds of (成百的),thousands
of (上千的),millions of (数百万的)
7.I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a
little ______.
A.wait
B.time
C.patience
D.rest
析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急,故答案应为C。这是由情景,语境确定答案题目。
8.If by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a
_________.
A.message
B.letter
C.sentence
D.notice
析:答案为A。道理同第7题。
专题练习
1._________from Beijing to London!
A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it
D.What a long way it is
2.We’ve worked out the plan ,and now we must put
it into________.
A.fact
B.practice
C.reality
D.deed
3.Electrcity , like other forms of ________ ,has greatly increased
in price.
A.pressure
B.force
C.strength
D.energy
4.That fellow is clever ; he has ___________.
A.brain
B.a
brain
C.the
brain
D.brains
5.Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A.shoes
store
B.shoe’s store C.shoe
store
D.shoes’ store
6.Those ______ took lots of ______ in the Summer Palace.
A.Germen;
photoes
B.Germen; photos
C.Germans;
photos
D.Germans; photoes
7.All possible means __________ to save the hero.
A.has
tried
B.have
tried
C.has been tried D.have been
tried
8.——Whose car is it ?
——It’s________.
A.Tom and
Mary
B.Tom’s and Mary’s
C.Tom’s and
Mary
D.Tom and Mary’s
9.There are 5____ in th fields.
A.heads of
cattles
B.heads of cattle
C.head of
cattles
D.head of cattle
10.He is the very thief the police ________ looking for .
A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have
11.All but Jack __________ here just now .
A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were
12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a
man of many _________.
A.knowleges
B.presents
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