高考中定语从句的常见考点类型

 ● 关系词的选择 ●
　　
　　定语从句的关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词两大类。关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，而关系副词起着副词(或介词短语)和连词的作用。
　　◆ 关系代词that、which、who(m)、whose引导定语从句
　　1) 关系代词that只能用于限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语或宾语(不可作介词的宾语)。例如：
　　Do you still remember the chicken farm ____ we visited three months ago?(2005北京春)
　　A. whereB. when C. that D. what
　　解析：C。先行词是the chicken farm，定语从句缺宾语，所以应用关系代词that、which或省略关系代词，选C。本题所给选项中，where、when都是关系副词，而what不能指代地点。
　　2) 关系代词which可引导非限定性定语从句，作从句的主语或宾语，指代整个主句或主句中的部分内容；此时，其引导的定语从句一般位于主句后面，常译为“这(那) 件事……”。例如：
　　His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream. (2007 上海)
　　A. which B. that C. whereD. it
　　解析：答案选A。关系代词which在从句中作主语，指代整个主句。
　　注意：That和which作关系代词，引导定语从句时的主要区别为：which可用于非限定性定语从句中，指代物或整个主句或主句中的一部分，也可以用于介词之后；而that则不能用于上述两种结构中。
　　3) 关系代词who和whom引导定语从句，都可用于指人，用法类似。区别主要在于：whom在从句中只能作宾语；而who在从句中可以作主语，也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom，但它的前面不能有介词；如果用于介词后指人时，必须用宾格的whom。在非限定性定语从句中，whom不可用that或who替代。例如：
　　Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don't. (2006北京)
　　A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who
　　C. who; who D. 不填; 不填
　　解析：C。两处空格后均为定语从句，均缺少关系词。第一个定语从句的先行词是woman，要用关系代词引导从句，同时该从句中缺主语，用who；第二个定语从句的先行词是those，在句中指人，其定语从句也缺少主语，用who。所以选C。
　　4) Whose引导定语从句时，其后应紧跟一个名词，构成名词短语，即“whose + 名词”的形式；whose引导的定语从句，其先行词不仅可指人，还可指物；若指物时，还可用of which代替，但词序不同，即“whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which”。例如：
　　·Look out! Don't get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair. (2006福建)
　　A. whose B. which
　　C. of which D. what
　　解析：A。关系代词whose意为“……的”，表示所属关系，在定语从句中作定语，修饰从句的主语roof；从句中whose roof 指的是the house's roof。由于roof前缺少修饰限定词，故此处不能用of which代替。
　　·Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable. (2000上海)
　　A. which price B. the price of which
　　C. its price D. the price of whose
　　解析：B。先行词为“an ancient Chinese vase”，而定语从句讲述的是这个vase的price如何如何，同时，从句缺少主语，所以要用whose price或the price of which来引导从句。
　　◆关系副词where、when、why引导定语从句
　　关系副词where、when、why引导的定语从句，分别在从句中充当地点、时间、原因状语。
　　· If a shop has chairs ________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005 上海)
　　A. that B. which C. when D. where
　　解析：D。先行词是chairs，在定语从句中作地点状语，要用where，相当于“in which”。
　　·We are living in an age ____ many things are done on computer. (2003 北京)
　　A. which B. that C. whose D. when
　　解析：D。先行词是age，when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。
　　◆As引导定语从句
　　1) As用于限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语，构成the same...as、such...as等结构。例如：
　　· I like the same book as you do. (as作宾语)
　　· I've never seen such a clever boy as he is. (as作表语)
　　· I shall do it in the same way as you did. (as作状语)
　　· These houses are sold at such a low price _____ people expected. (2000 上海春)
　　A. like B. as C. that D. which
　　解析：答案选B。As在定语从句中作expected的宾语。
　　2) As引导非限定性定语从句，作从句的主语、表语或宾语，用来指代整个主句的内容，常译为“正如……”。但不同于which，as引导的定语从句既可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，还可位于主句中间。例如：
　　·The Beatles, _____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006 天津)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
　　解析：D。As代表整个主句The Beatles came from Liverpool，作定语从句中remember的宾语。
　　·____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the countries are making progress. (2004 北京)
　　A. It B. As C. That D. What
　　解析：B。As代表整个主句talks between the countries are making progress，作定语从句中的主语。句意为：正如报纸上所报道的那样，各国的会谈取得了进展。
　　
　　● 关系词的省略 ●
　　
　　◆限定性定语从句中关系词的省略
　　1) 关系代词的省略：当关系代词that、who(m)、which在作从句谓语动词的宾语时，可以省略；但是whom和which若在从句中作介词的宾语时，不可以省略。例如：
　　·— Do you have anything to say for yourselves? (2006 江西)
　　— Yes, there's one point _______ we must insist on.
　　A. why B. where C. how D. /
　　解析：D。该题中的先行词是one point，定语从句we must insist on前省略了作宾语的关系代词which或that。
　　·— Why does she always ask you for help?
　　 — There is no one else ______, is there? (2005 北京)
　　A. who to turn to B. she can turn to
　　C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
　　解析：B。该题中的先行词是no one else，she can turn to前省略了作宾语的关系代词whom或who；值得注意的是, 本句还可以写成to whom she can turn。
　　2) 关系副词的省略：
　　①The time、every time、each time、the moment等后的关系副词可省略。例如：By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Einstein had learnt advanced mathematics all by himself.
　　②在某些表示地点的名词(如the place)后，关系副词有时也可以省略。例如：This is the place (where) we met years ago.
　　③先行词the reason后面的关系副词可省略。例如：The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.
　　④当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。例如：I appreciate the way (that) you teach us.
　　·What surprised me was not what he said but ____ he said it. (2004 湖北)
　　A. the way B. in the way that
　　C. in the way D. the way which
　　解析：A。根据句意该用the way，所以在A和D中选择。然后考查the way后接定语从句的用法，具体用法有三种：(1)用in which引导；(2)用that引导；(3)省略关系副词。此题属于第三种用法，应选A。
　　◆非限定性定语从句中关系词的省略
　　非限定性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略，并且指物只能用which，指人只能用who(主格)/whom(宾格)，不能用that。例如：
　　·Anyway, that evening, ______ I'll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel's place. (2004 浙江)
　　A. when B. where C. what D. which
　　解析：D。这是一个非限定性定语从句，which在定语从句中作about的宾语，不能省略。
　　·The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002 北京春)
　　A. where B. when C. which D. who
　　解析：D。先行词为The famous basketball star，表示人，所以关系词要用who；同时，who在从句中作主语，不可以省略。
　　
　　● 从句的位置 ●
　　
　　一般来说，定语从句总是紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后，比较容易找出从句；但有时，定语从句和先行词会被介词或其他成分分隔，从而给从句的辨别带来一定的难度。下面，就来看从句和先行词被分隔开的两种情况。
　　◆被介词分隔
　　定语从句和先行词被介词分隔，实际上也就是关系词在定语从句中作介词宾语。此时，关系词多和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。用于这种情况的关系代词一般为which(指物)和whom(指人)，that一般不能放在介词之后。例如：
　　· He was educated at a local high school, ____ he went on to Beijing University. (2007 江苏)
　　A. after which B. after that
　　C. in which D. in that
　　解析：A。根据从句的意思确定是介词after“在……之后”，which在此指代整个主句He was educated at a local high school，故答案选A。
　　· Frank's dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands. (2005 湖南)
　　A. that B. in which
　　C. by which D. how
　　解析：B。该题是考查“介词+ 关系代词+ 动词不定式”的特殊结构，它可以还原为：Frank's dream was to have his own shop in which he could produce the workings of his own hands.
　　注意：有时候关系副词when和where也可以用在介词之后，如since when、by when和from where等。例如：
　　· The book was written in 1946, ____ the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007 山东)
　　A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when
　　解析：D。根据从句的意思确定是选since when，when在此指代时间状语1946。
　　◆被其他成分分隔
　　一般来说，定语从句总是紧跟着它所修饰的先行词，但有时候定语从句如果紧接先行词会引起主句头重脚轻或句意分隔等问题，此时，从句和先行词被其他成分分隔。例如：
　　· The village has developed a lot _____ we learned farming two years ago. (2007 福建)
　　A. when B. which C. that D. where
　　解析：选D。定语从句where we learned farming two years ago修饰它的先行词the village，中间被谓语has developed a lot隔开。
　　· After graduation she reached a point in her career _____ she needed to decide what to do. (2007 江西)
　　A. that B. what C. which D. where
　　解析：选D。定语从句where she needed to decide what to do修饰它的先行词a point，中间被定语in her career隔开。
　　
　　除了以上考查定语从句自身所包含的一些考点，在高考英语中，定语从句有时也结合其他考点进行考查。最常见的有：在强调结构的省略句型中考查定语从句关系词的选择。例如：
　　·— Where did you get to know her?
　　— It was on the farm ____ we worked. (2007 山东)
　　A. that B. there C. which D. where
　　解析：D。该题很容易误选A。解题时，先还原句子：It was on the farm (where we worked) that I got to know her. 还原后，不难发现：原来这个句子主句实际上是强调结构“It was...that”省略了that I got to know her。空格处的词实际上要引导一个定语从句，修饰限定farm。
　　以上是对高考英语中定语从句常见考点的分析，希望能对大家学习定语从句有所帮助。